Chapter 5 Anatomy and Physiology (McGraw Hill)

What are the 4 broad categories of tissues?

Epithelial tissue

Connective tissue

Nervous tissue

Muscular tissue

Where do you find simple squamous cells?

alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa

Where do you find simple cuboidal cells?

liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules

Where do you find simple columnar cells?

lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes

Where do you find Nonkeratinized stratified squamous cells?

tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina

Where do you find keratinized stratified squamous cells?

epidermis; palms and soles

Where do you find stratified cuboidal cells?

sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules

Where do you find Pseudostratified cells?

respiratory tract and portions of male urethra

Where do you find transitional cells?

ureter and bladder

What makes up the matrix of connective tissues?

Ground substance (GAG's, proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins) and fibers (collagen, reticular and elastic fibers)

What do fibroblasts do?

produce fibers and ground substance of matrix

What do Macrophages do?

phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens)

What are Leukocytes?

white blood cells

What do plasma cells do?

make antibodies

What do Adipocytes do?

store triglycerides (fat molecules)

What are the 2 types of loose connective tissue?

areolar and reticular

Where is areolar connective tissue found?

Underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels. Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels

What is reticular connective tissue and where is it found?

Mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts. Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs. Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

What is dense regular connective tissue and where is it found?

Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers. Compressed fibroblast nuclei. Elastic tissue forms wavy sheets in some locations. Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together

What is adipose tissue and where is it found?

Fat cells, Cushions organs such as eyeballs, kidneys, female breasts and hips

What are the two different kinds of fat and where do you find them?

White fat (found in adults) and brown fat (found in infants, fetus' and children)

Which types of cartilage has chondrocytes?

Elastic, hyaline, and fibrocartilage

What are chondroblasts?

cartilage forming cells

What is elastic cartilage and where is it found?

Cartilage containing abundance of elastic fibers. Covered with perichondrium. Provides flexible, elastic support. Locations: external ear and epiglottis

What is fibrocartilage and where is it found?

Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers . Resists compression and absorbs shock. Locations: pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs

What is hyaline cartilage and where is it found?

Clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers. Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones. Locations: articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton

What are the two types of bone tissue?

spongy and compact

What is an osteon?

central canal and its surrounding lamellae in bones

What are osteocytes?

mature bone cells within lacunae

What are Canaliculi?

delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other

What is the periosteum?

tough fibrous connective tissue covering the whole bone

Where do you find spongy bone?

heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones such as the sternum

What are the formed elements of blood?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

What two types of tissue are excitable?

Nervous and muscular

What is membrane potential?

electrical charge difference (voltage) that occurs across the cell membrane

In nerve cells, what does a change in voltage result in?

rapid transmission of signals to other cells

In muscle cells, what does a change in voltage result in?

contraction, shortening of the cell

What do nerve cells consist of?

Neurons

What do neuroglia (glial) cells do?

Protect and assist neurons

"Housekeepers" of nervous system

More numerous than neurons

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

Which types of muscle tissue are striated?

skeletal and cardiac

Which types of muscle tissue have voluntary movement?

Skeletal only

Which types of muscle tissue have involuntary movement?

Cardiac and smooth

Which type of muscle tissue contains multiple nuclei?

Skeletal

Which type of muscle tissue contains only one nucleus per cell?

Smooth and cardiac

Where do you find smooth muscle?

walls of hollow organs

Where do you find cell junctions?

Between two cells

What is a tight junction?

linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins.

In epithelia, they form a zone that completely encircles each cell near its apical pole. Seals off intercellular space, making it difficult for substance to pass between cells

What is a desmosome?

patch that holds cells together (like a clothing snap). Keeps cells from pulling apart- resist mechanical stress. Hook-like, J-shaped proteins arise from cytoskeleton. Anchor cytoskeleton to membrane plaque. Transmembrane proteins from each cell joined by cell adhesion proteins.

What is a hemidesmosome?

half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane. Epithelium cannot easily peel away from underlying tissues.

What is a gap junction?

formed by ring-like connexons. Connexon consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged like segments of an orange around water-filled pore. Ions, nutrients, and other small solutes pass between cells. Located in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue, lens and cornea

What does an exocrine glad do?

maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct. Surfaces can be external (examples: sweat, tear glands) or internal (examples: pancreas, salivary glands)

What are endocrine glands?

have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood

Hormones: chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body

Examples: thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands

What organs have both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Liver, gonads, pancreas

Where do you find unicellular glands?

in an epithelium that is predominantly non-secretory Examples: mucus-secreting goblet cells in trachea or endocrine cells of stomach

Serous glands secrete:

Produce thin, watery secretions

Perspiration, milk, tears, digestive juices

mucous glands secrete:

Produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus

Goblet cells: unicellular mucous glands

What are the three modes of secretion?

merocrine, apocrine, holocrine

What uses merocrine secretion?

(used by eccrine glands) uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis

Examples: tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands, and others

What uses apocrine secretion?

lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface

Mode of milk fat secretion by mammary gland cells

Also "apocrine" is used to describe axillary sweat glands even though they use

What uses holocrine secretion?

cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate

Secrete a mixture of cell fragments and synthesized substances

Examples: oil glands of scalp and skin, and glands of eyelids

What is the cutaneous membrane?

the skin

What is a mucous membrane?

(mucosa) lines passages that open to the external environment (example: digestive tract)

What is hyperplasia?

increase in cell number

What is hypertrophy?

increase in cell size

What is neoplasia?

uncontrolled growth (number)

What are the 2 types of embryonic cell change?

Totipotent (all) and pleuripotent (all but accessory organs of pregnancy)

What are the 2 types of cell change in adults?

Multipotent and unipotent

What is metaplasia?

Changing from one type of mature tissue to another

What are the 2 ways damaged tissue can be repaired?

Regeneration, and Fibrosis

What is tissue regeneration?

same type of cell as before

Normal function

Minor skin or liver injuries

What is tissue fibrosis?

scar tissue

Holds organs together, not normal function

Severe cuts and burns, lungs in tuberculosis