Chapter 13-Clinical Psychology

Diagnosis and Statistical manual of Psychological disorders (DSM-5)

Diagnosis tool for mental disorders, list criteria and looks at a variety of contexts

Comorbity

co-occurrence of 2+ disorders

Phycological disorder

Persistent disturbance or disfunction in behavior, thought, or emotion

Signs

Objectively observed (someone else)

Symptoms

Subjectively reported (Yourself)

Syndrome

Cluster of physical/mental symptoms of a type of condition that tend to occur simultaneously

Psychopathology

the study of psychological disorder or the disorders themselves

abnormal psychology

studies behavior/causes

Clinical physcology

studies diagnosis/treatment

Point prevelance

% of people in a given population that have something at a given point in time

lifetime prevelance

% of people in a pop that suffer from something over any given time

Mood-related disorder Genetic causes

• 85% of variability thought to be genetic

• issues with neurotransmitters

• concordance rate 2x higher in identical twins

Mood-related disorder psychological causes

• negative cognitive schema

  • negative ways of viewing the world

• explanatory style

• How a person explains the bad things that happen to them

Mood-related disorder social causes

• interpersonal stress

• societal crises

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

• need 1 major, 4 minor symptoms

• must be most of the day, every day, for 2 weeks

• men 7-15%, women 20-25%

  • women have higher rumination

MDD minor symptoms

• Change in appetite, weight loss/gain 

• Sleep disturbances 

• fatigue/low energy 

• Psychomotor agitation 

• Diminished ability to think, concentrate, make decision 

• Feelings of worthlessness or self-guilt/blame 

• Thoughts of death or suicide

MDD Major symptoms

• depressed mood

• lost of interest/pleasure

  • Anhedonia

Bipolar disorder (Manic episode)

• 3 symptoms for most of the day, most days, for 3 weeks

  • inflated self-esteem/grandiosity

  • fast talking

  • thoughts are racing

  • decreased need for sleep

  • distractibility

  • increase in goal directed activity/movements that serve no purpose

  • excessive engagement in risky activities

Bipolar 1

Needs at least 1 manic episode, does not have a depressive episode (but it’s often common)

Bipolar 2

Needs at least a hypomania episode (lesser, less than once a week) but must have a depressive episode following

Traumatic/stressor disorders

anxiety related disorders triggered by events that involved actual/threatened death, injury, sexual violation, ect.

Traumatic/stressor disorders genetic causes

Can be inherited

Traumatic/stressor disorders psychological causes

maltreatment in childhood= increase likelihood of development

Post-Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

• Exposure to traumatic event

  • direct, witness, learned it happened to a family member/friend, repeated exposure (Ex. EMT)

• At least one DSM symptoms every day occurs for 1+ month

• Symptoms must create distress for functional impairment

PTSD Instruction symptoms

• Reliving tramaua

  • Flashbacks

  • nightmares

PTSD Avoidance symptoms

• avoiding anything that reminds them of the event

  • Thoughts/feelings

  • people

  • objects

  • situations

  • places

PTSD cognitive/mood changes symptoms

• decline in cognition and change in mood

  • forgetting parts of event

  • self-blame

  • negative outlook

  • constant negative feelings

PTSD Arousal and reactionary changes symptoms

• increased arousal

  • Irritable/”fired up”

  • problems with sleep/concentration

  • exaggerated startle response

Schizepherenia

Disruption of basic psychological processes, distorted reality, altered emotion, disturbance of thought, motivation, or behavior

• lowered volume in frontal/temporal lobes

• increased volume in ventricles

• 3x concordance rate in identical twins

Positive symptoms

Symptoms that add to a person’s experience

Schizophrenia positive symptoms

• Delusion

• Hallucination

• disorganized speech

Negative symptoms

Symptoms that take away from a person’s experience

Schizophrenia negative symptoms

• emotional withdrawal

• poverty of speech

• indication of absent/insufficient normal behavior/motivation

  • “something’s off”

• Affective flattening

  • lack of emotional expression

• Catatonic behavior

  • abnormal behavior, speech, withdrawal

Dopamine hypothesis (schizophrenia)

idea that schizophrenia forms bc of abnormally high elvles of activity in brain circuits sensitive to dopamine

Social anxiety disorder

anxious about being watched, evaluated, or judged

Panic disorder

sudden occurrence of psychological and Physiological symptoms that add to a feeling of stark terror

Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD)

chronic worrying accompanied by 3+ symptoms

• Restlessness

• fatigue

• concentration problems

• irritability

• muscle tension

• sleep disturbances

Phobias

marked, specific, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, situations, or activities

Preparedness theory

idea that we’re biologically predisposed to certain fears (Ex. heights, snakes)

Diathesis-Stress model

Genetic predispostion+stress=disorder

Clinical assessment

A process used by mental health professional to evaluate a person’s functioning and formulate a treatment plan

Self-report

A test,measure,or survey that relies on a patient to provide information about their thoughts, feelings, or symptoms their

Projective tests

A test where people are asked to interpret an ambiguous prompt to asses their current wellness

OCD obessions

Unwanted, intrusive thoughts or images that cause distress

Ex. fear of contamination, random thoughts of harming oneself

OCD Compulsions

reparative behaviors or mental acts people feel they’re driven to do

Ex. Excessive cleaning, flipping a light switch 7 times

Autism spectrum disorder

A neurological and developmental disorder that impacts how people interact, communicate, learn, and behave

ADHD

A chronic developmental disorder that affects a person’s ability to focus and control their behavior

Cluster A personality disorders

Often includes dysfunctional patterns of thinking/behavior that reflect suspicion or lack of interest in others

Ex. paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder

Cluster B

involves unpredictable, dysfunctional, and emotional thoughts and behaviors that can keep changing

Ex. BPD , Narcissistic personality disorder

Cluster C

Personality disorders that involve anxious thinking or behaviors

Ex. Avoidant personality disorder, Obsessive compulsive personality disorder