Investigating Science

What factors initiate a scientific investigation?

Factors include observations, new evidence, unexpected results, and phenomena arising from the investigation. Scientists often seek relationships, patterns, or test previous conclusions.

How do scientists choose the right methodology for an investigation?

Scientists evaluate objectives and data, justify methods based on context (e.g., experimental testing, fieldwork, surveys), and consider peer-reviewed literature to ensure relevance.

What determines the integrity of a scientific investigation?

Integrity is judged by validity (whether the test measures what it intends to) and reliability (consistency of results), ethical considerations, and sample selection.

What are the key components of a scientific investigative report?

Purpose, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Follows conventions like reducing error, using appropriate language, and presenting data clearly.

How does technology impact scientific investigations?

Enhances accuracy and efficiency but can introduce errors (random/systematic). Limits include cost, availability, and safety concerns.

How do technology and science influence each other?

Advances in technology (e.g., X-ray diffraction, Hadron collider) lead to discoveries, driving further technological development.

How do scientists test claims?

Design valid experiments, ensure reliable data, consider sample size/selection, and compare emotive vs. evidence-based claims.

What factors influence data interpretation?

Societal/economic influences, placebos, double-blind trials, and control groups to ensure valid conclusions.

What evidence is required for valid conclusions?

Distinguish correlation from causation (e.g., peer-reviewed studies, replicated results).

How does media reporting affect public understanding of science?

May misrepresent findings, misuse terms like "theory," or suppress evidence due to conflicts of interest.

Can peer review ensure scientific truth?

Peer review validates findings, but challenges include publication pressure, fake journals, and fraud.

How do major science events influence public perception?

Events like nuclear meltdowns or vaccine development shape trust/skepticism toward science.

Why is regulation important in scientific research?

Ensures ethics, prevents harm, and protects intellectual property (e.g., genetic modification, bioprospecting).

How do external factors influence scientific research?

Economic/social/political factors (funding, corporate interests) direct priorities and technology development.