study 4/25/25

What is a charophyte?

Green algae closest to land plants.

Adaptations to terrestrial life?

Cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue, multicellular gametangia, embryos.

What is alternation of generations?

Life cycle alternating haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte.

What is a gametophyte? Chromosome number?

Haploid; produces gametes.

What is a sporophyte? Chromosome number?

Diploid; produces spores.

Reproductive structures of plants?

Antheridia, archegonia, sporangia.

Reproductive cells by meiosis?

Spores.

Reproductive cells by mitosis?

Gametes.

What is a nonvascular plant?

Lacks vascular tissue.

Phyla of nonvascular plants?

Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta.

Life cycle of Bryophyta?

Dominant gametophyte; dependent sporophyte.

Dominant generation in nonvascular plants?

Gametophyte.

Differences between nonvascular phyla?

Bryophyta - mosses; Hepatophyta - liverworts; Anthocerophyta - hornworts.

Flagellated sperm issue?

Require water for fertilization.

What is a protonema?

Early moss gametophyte.

What is a thallus?

Flat body in liverworts.

Why are nonvascular plants small?

Lack vascular tissue.

Asexual reproduction phyla?

Hepatophyta.

What are gemmae?

Asexual reproductive structures.

What is photoperiodism?

Response to light duration.

Vascular tissue types?

Xylem and phloem.

Microphyll leaves?

Small, single-vein leaves.

Megaphyll leaves?

Large, branched-vein leaves.

Advantage of megaphylls?

More photosynthesis.

Ferns and club mosses phyla?

Monilophyta, Lycophyta.

Dominant generation in seedless vascular plants?

Sporophyte.

Lifecycle of seedless vascular plant?

Independent gametophyte, dominant sporophyte.

Fern lifecycle majority?

Diploid.

Lifecycle comparison?

Bryophyte: gametophyte dominant; vascular: sporophyte dominant.

What is a prothallus?

Fern gametophyte.

Fern vs. liverwort gametophytes?

Both haploid; fern - photosynthetic; liverwort - thallus.

What is a sorus?

Cluster of sporangia.

What are horsetails?

Vascular plants with jointed stems.

Horsetail leaves/photosynthesis?

Tiny leaves; stem does photosynthesis.

What is a strobilus?

Cone-like structure with spores.

What is a club moss?

Lycophyta with microphylls.

Ancient importance of club mosses/horsetails?

Formed coal deposits.

What is heterosporous?

Produces microspores and megaspores.

What is a microspore? Forms?

Small spore; male gametophyte.

What is a megaspore? Forms?

Large spore; female gametophyte.

Heterospory to seed evolution?

Led to separate male/female gametophytes.

What is an apical meristem?

Growth region at tips.

What is polyploidy?

Multiple sets of chromosomes.

What is a gymnosperm?

Naked seed plant.

What is an angiosperm?

Flowering plant.

Which evolved first?

Gymnosperms.

Dominant generation in seed plants?

Sporophyte.

Dominant generation ploidy?

Diploid.

What is a seed?

Embryo + food + coat.

Anatomy of a seed?

Embryo, endosperm, seed coat.

Fertilization in seed plants?

Pollen delivers sperm to egg.

Where are gametophytes in seed plants?

Inside cones or flowers.

Dependent or independent of sporophyte?

Dependent.

Microsporangia? Products?

Pollen sacs; microspores/pollen.

Megasporangia? Products?

Ovule; megaspores/egg.

Vascular tissues?

Xylem, phloem.

What is a conifer?

Cone-bearing gymnosperm.

What are tracheids?

Water-conducting cells.

Monoecious?

Male and female cones on same plant.

Dioecious?

Separate male and female plants.

What is resin? Phylum?

Sticky defense; Coniferophyta.

What is a pollen grain?

Male gametophyte.

Pollination?

Pollen transfer to ovule.

Pollination vs fertilization?

Pollination = delivery; fertilization = fusion.

What are cycads?

Palm-like gymnosperms.

Cycad traits?

Large cones, flagellated sperm.

What are ginkgoes?

Fan-leafed gymnosperm.

Ginkgo traits?

Dioecious, flagellated sperm.

What are gnetophytes?

Gymnosperms with angiosperm traits.

Gnetophyte traits?

Vessels, cones, diverse forms.

Angiosperm phylum?

Anthophyta.

Vessel elements?

Efficient water cells.

Sieve tube elements?

Conduct sugar in phloem.

What is a monocot?

1 cotyledon, parallel veins.

What is a eudicot?

2 cotyledons, net veins.

Monocot vs eudicot?

Veins, roots, cotyledons differ.

Seed parts?

Embryo, endosperm, cotyledon, coat.

Cotyledon function?

Food storage/absorption.

Endosperm function?

Nourishes embryo.

How endosperm forms?

Double fertilization.

Incomplete flowers?

Missing one or more parts.

Complete flowers?

Have all four parts.

Perfect vs. imperfect?

Perfect = both sexes; imperfect = one.

Parts of flower?

Sepals, petals, stamens, carpels.

Flower part origin?

Modified leaves.

Seed development in angiosperms?

Ovule becomes seed after fertilization.

Angiosperm advantage?

Fruit, flowers, double fertilization.

Double fertilization?

1 sperm = embryo, 1 = endosperm.

Endosperm triploid?

Sperm + 2 polar nuclei.

Fruit development?

From ovary.

Fruit origin?

Ovary.

Fruit parts?

Exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp.

Fruit types?

Simple, aggregate, multiple.

Flowering plant success?

Pollination, fruit, vascular tissue.

Evolutionary lineage?

From seed ferns; linked to gymnosperms.

What is a fungus?

Eukaryotic heterotroph with chitin cell walls.

Cell wall material not in plants?

Chitin.

Osmotic resistance?

Thick cell wall resists pressure changes.

Phototroph or heterotroph?

Heterotroph.

General anatomy?

Hyphae form mycelium; fruiting body.