EMOTION, DEPRESSION, ANXIETY

Emotion

Brief responses (physiological, psychological, behavioral) to a specific object or situation; socially functional.

Mood

Non-specific, longer-lasting emotional states that differ from emotions.

Basic Emotions

Innate, universal emotions proposed by Paul Ekman: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

Duchenne smile

Regarded as a true smile characterized by the contraction of muscles at the lip corners and eye corners.

Complex Emotions

Emotions such as pride and jealousy that are long-lasting and depend on cultural, social, or situational factors.

Valence Dimension

The continuum of emotions that ranges from unpleasant to pleasant.

Arousal Dimension

The continuum of emotions that ranges from calm to excited.

Amygdala

An almond-shaped structure in the medial temporal lobe, involved in fear-related processing and emotional responses.

Low Road (emotion processing)

Quick but shallow processing of emotions through subcortical structures enabling fast reactions to stimuli.

High Road (emotion processing)

Slow but sophisticated processing of emotions through the cortex for finer analysis of stimuli.

Emotion Regulation

The ability to exert self-control over natural emotional responses.

Antecedent-focused Emotion Regulation

Strategies that change the input or situation to alter the resulting emotion.

Response-focused Emotion Regulation

Strategies that modify the emotional response once it has been elicited.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

A treatment for anxiety disorders that focuses on changing negative thought patterns.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A continuous state of excessive anxiety and worry about various topics for at least six months.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder characterized by obsessive thoughts about harm and compulsive behaviors that impact daily life.

Phobia

An illogical fear of a specific object or situation that disrupts daily functioning.

Social Phobia

Persistent fear of social situations due to worry about being judged or embarrassed.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A clinical diagnosis requiring at least one major depressive episode with symptoms affecting daily functioning.

Serotonin (5HT)

A neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, linked to depression.

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania.

Environmental causes of Depression

Factors such as stressful life events, early adversity, and chronic stress contributing to depression.

Neurostimulation

Treatment methods like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy used in treating depression.

Anxiety Disorders

Various disorders characterized by excessive anxiety and related behavioral disturbances.

Panic Disorder

A condition with unexpected panic attacks and substantial anxiety for at least one month.

Brain structure associated with Emotion

Includes the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and insula.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

A psychotherapy method used to treat PTSD, involving processing distressing memories.

Emotional Arousal

The physiological and psychological state of being awoken or stimulated to a point of response.

Self-Compassion

Acceptance and understanding of one's own emotions and struggles, contributing to emotional regulation.

Cultural factors in Complex Emotions

Various influences from society that determine the expression and categorization of complex emotions.

Vigilance and Salience in Emotion

The responsiveness of the amygdala to significant stimuli, both positive and negative.