AP Environmental Science Air Pollution Unit 3

Where is ozone naturally found?

stratosphere

If ozone is found here it is considered pollution and contributes to photochemical smog.

troposphere

What is a major benefit from having ozone in the stratosphere?

blocks UV rays

Singular O atoms form together with O2 atoms to create what compound?

ozone O3

Where was the ozone hole first discovered?

Antartica

What is mostly responsible for the hole in the ozone layer?

CFC's

Skin cancer, cataracts, interference with photosynthesis, and sun burn are all results of what?

Effects of UV radiation

This was an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer. It phases out production of number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.

Montreal Protocol

CO, CO2, SO2, NO, NO2, most hydrocarbons, and most suspended particles are all considered what?

primary pollutants

SO3, HNO3, H2SO4, H2O2, O3, PANS are all considered what?

secondary pollutants

What are the four sources of air pollutants?

natural, mobile, sources, stationary

All of the following are primary pollutants except....

1. sulfur dioxide

2. carbon dioxide

3. tropospheric ozone

4. nitrogen oxide

5. particulate matter

3. tropospheric ozone

All of the following countries have ratified the Kyoto Protocol except...

1. U.S

2. Japan

3. England

4. Canada

5. France

U.S.

This type of pollutants are put directly into the air from polluting source.

primary pollutants

This is when primary pollutants combines with other substances in the air and creates something more hazardous.

secondary pollutants

Volcanoes, fossil fuel combustion, and fires contribute to pollution in the form of..

1. synthetic compounds

2. DDT

3. EMFs

4. sodium chloride

5. particulates

5. particulates

What are the six criteria air pollutants?

sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, particulate matter, ozone

The greatest amount of sulfur dioxide emission comes from...

1. on road vehicles

2. biofuels

3. industrial processes

4. electricity generation

5. fires

4. electricity generation

The greatest amount of nitrogen oxide emission comes from...

1. on road vehicles

2. biofuels

3. industrial processes

4. electricity generation

5. fires

3. on road vehicles

Nitrogen oxides, VOC's, heat and sunlights chemically reacted results in the presence of what?

ozone

Local climate, topography, population density, amount of industry, weather, buildings, mass transit used are influences of what?

formation and intensity of pollution

As a result of this, pollutant effects are intensified when air cannot move upward due to cold upper air layer.

Thermal inversion

A chemical that causes respiratory problems as well as damage to the environment and is a part of photochemical smog is...

1. ozone

2. arsenic

3. chlorine

4. asbestos

5. methane

ozone

This is when cities are generally 3-5 degrees warmer than rural areas because of lack of vegetation to absorb heats, dark buildings and roads trap heat, and buildings create windbreaks.

urban heat islands

What are some examples of indoor air pollution?

cigarette smoke, mold, carbon monoxide, radon, asbestos, lead, formaldehyde, VOC's

What heavy metal is produced by the burning of coal?

mercury

A coal fired power plant produces about the same amount of energy as a nuclear power plant but the nuclear power plant produces more of what?

thermal pollution

What are the two ways to remove particulates?

filters and electrostatic precipitators

mix limestone with coal before going to boiler, CaCO3 reacts with sulfur to produce other compounds

limestone injection

crushed limestone, lime slurry, or alkali are injected into gas stream

wet scrubbers

What are the two nitrogen oxide removal strategies?

staged burners and catalytic converters

When did the Clean Air Act recognize the 6 criteria air pollutants?

1970's

What is the Clean Air Act?

sets standards for all the different criteria air pollutants

Where does weather occur in the atmosphere?

troposphere

Where is the ozone layer?

stratosphere

Why does the Earth experience seasonal changes?

Earth is tilted on an axis.

This occurs when prevailing westerly winds cease or slow down allowing surface of the ocean to warm up.

El Nino