Test 2 Human Bio

Everything since test 1 - up to test 2

Where is tissue placed in the biological levels of organization

After the cell, before the organ

what is a multicellular organism

organisms composed of more than one type of cell

what is the benefit of multicellularity

division of labor, more adaptability, more complexity

What is a tissue/structure

group of cells that have similar structure and function; humans have 200 different cell types that are group into general categories 

what are the 4 major types of tissues in humans

Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle

Functions of Epithelial tissue

Cells joined together forming continuous sheets to cover or line body surfaces

Functions of connective tissue

support body or connect tissues; rich in extracellular matrix

Functions of nervous tissue

Receives, generates and conducts electrical signals

functions of muscle tissue

generates force that facilitates movement

what is an organ structure

collection of two or more tissues that perform a specific function(s); meaning more than one type of cell combining/working together 

what are the six basic processes leading to producing tissues and organs

cell division, cell growth, migration, differentiation, apoptosis, cell connections

what are stem cells

cells that can give rise to different types of specialized cells (differentiation), they also have the capacity for cell division. 

what is apoptosis, why is it important 

cell death, it is important for normal development to maintain the proper number of cells. It eliminates cells that have become worn out, infected or cancerous. 

What are the two types of apoptosis pathways 

mitochondrial pathway (intrinsic): suicide 

death receptor pathway (extrinsic): murder 

what type of cells do not want to die/ don’t have the mechanisms for intrinsic apoptosis 

cancer cells; they keep dividing 

what is the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death)

• cell shrinks and forms rounder due to the destruction of nucleus and cytoskeleton 

• plasma membrane forms blebs- irregular extensions that break away 

• eliminates cells 

what is the difference in apoptosis in developing animals and adult animals

developing animals: apoptosis sculpts tissues and organs

adult animals: apoptosis maintains proper number of cells in tissues and organs 

what is epithelial tissue

tissue made of tightly packed cells and cell junctions 

it lines body cavities and surfaces, and found in glands 

what is basement membrane

it anchors epithelial tissue on one side to underlying connective tissues 

it’s a thin layer of carbohydrates and proteins 

how is epithelial tissue named

for the number of cell layers and shape

what are the three layer types of epithelial tissue

simple, pseudostratified, stratified

What are the three cell shapes of epithelial tissue 

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar 

function and location of the simple squamous epithelial tissue

diffusion, filtration, secretion

found in lining of blood vessels, lung air sacs 

function and location of the simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

absorption and secretion

found in glands, ovary surfaces, iris of eye, kidney tubules 

function and location of simple columnar epithelial tissue

absorption and secretion

found in stomach, intestines, uterus

function and location of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

secretion and mucus movement

found in the throat, nasal passages, sinuses, trachea, male genital ducts

often has cilia which helps move mucus 

appears stratified, but every cell touches basement membrane 

function and location of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

protection and pathogens

found in skin, mouth, throat, vagina 

function and location of stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue

protection and secretion

found in ducts of sweat glands 

function and location of stratified columnar epithelial tissue

protection and secretion

found in male urethra, salivary glands 

what is transitional epithelia

cells change shape in response to tension (cuboidal to squamous)

found in urinary bladder 

glands

one or more cells that make and secrete a product

develop from epithelium 

what are the two types of glands and their functions 

• exocrine: secrete substances (enzymes) through ducts/tubes, they stay in place and function

• endocrine: make hormones that are released into surrounding fluid/bloodstream, they usually travel everywhere 

What are the three main components of connective tissue

specialized cells, ground substance (matrix), and protein fibres 

ground substance

noncellular material between the cells

provides nutrients, supports cells 

can be solid or fluid 

what are the three types of protein fibres, describe them

collagen fibres: flexible and strong

reticular fibres: thin, branched collagen fibres 

elastic fibres: contain elastin, a protein that stretches and recoils 

what are the three main types of connective tissue

fibrous, supportive, fluid

what is fibrous connective tissue

tissue containing lots of fibres, connecting 2 different tissues through fibres

what cell is in fibrous connective tissue 

fibroblasts, separated by matrix

what are the two main forms of fibrous connective tissue and their main functions

loose (elasticity/diffusion) and dense (support)

describe the structure of loose vs dense fibrous connective tissues

loose: fibroblasts, other cells, fibres loosely arranged in semifluid matrix

dense: densely packed collagenous fibres, fibroblasts, less matrix

where is loose fibrous connective tissue found

under skin, around organs, supports epithelium

where is dense fibrous connective tissue found 

tendons and ligaments; connect muscles to bones, bones to bones. 

what are the three subtypes of loose fibrous connective tissue

areolar, reticular and adipose connective tissue

adipose tissue structure and function

stores fat

little extracellular matrix,

energy storage, insulation, cushioning 

around heart, kidneys, under skin 

what are the cells found in adipose tissue 

adipocytes- cells filled with liquid fat 

what are the main functions in supportive connective tissue

structure, shape, protection, leverage for movement

what are the two types of supportive connective tissue

cartilage and bone

structure of cartilage 

lacks matrix mineralization → more flexible than bone 

matrix is solid but flexible 

lacks direct blood supply→ heals slowly 

what are the cells of cartilage called and where are they kept

chondrocytes & chondroblasts

kept in lucanae (small chambers) 

what are the three types of cartilage and how are they distinguished

distinguished by types of fibres found in their matrix

• hyaline cartilage: fine collagen fibers 

• elastic cartilage: elastic fibers 

• fibrocartilage: strong collagen fibres 

where might you find the three different types of cartilage

• hyaline: tip of nose, ends of long bones, fetal skeleton 

• elastic: outer ear 

• fibro: disks between vertebrae 

structure of bone tissue

most rigid connective tissue

matrix made of collagen and calcium salts

salts surround protein fibres → elasticity & strength 

what are the types of cells that form the matrix in bone tissue and their difference

• osteoblasts: edge of bone for bone generation

• osteoclasts: centre of bone for bone resorption

bone cells in general: osteocytes

what are the two types of bone tissue

compact and spongy

structure and function of compact bone tissue

makes up the shafts of long bones

consists of osteons 

central canal has blood vessels and nerves 

label this picture with: osteon, central canal, osteocytes

central canal: the hole

osteon: the dark lining around the hole

osteocyte: dark specks all around the tissue

structure and function of spongy bone tissue

inside the ends of long bones

lighter than compact bone tissue 

where might you find bone tissue

in bones of skeleton

what are the two types of fluid connective tissue 

blood and lymph 

structure of blood- fluid connective tissue

fluid matrix called plasma

cellular components called formed elements 

what are the three formed elements in blood, their functions and label them

• white blood cells (leukocytes): fight infection 

• platelet (thrombocytes): pieces of cells that clot blood 

• red blood cells (erythrocytes): carry oxygen 

all connective tissue has three components, but where is the fibre component in fluid connective tissue?

Fiber in this type is super tiny, it has it but we cannot see it, there are not always fibers in blood

structure of lymph

derived from fluid surrounding tissue

only contains white blood cells; looks more watery/pale 

lymphatic vessels absorb excess fluid and return lymph to cardiovascular system 

muscular tissue ____ the body

moves

myocytes

cells in muscle tissues, called muscle fibers

myofibrils

protein fibres of muscles that are involved in contractions

sarcoplasm

the cytoplasm of muscle tissue cells

sarcolemma 

the plasma membrane of muscle tissue cells 

three types of muscle tissue

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

skeletal muscle; structure, function, location

structure: sarcoplasm filled with myofibrils, long cylinder cells, multiple nuclei, striated/striped

function: contraction moves skeleton, voluntarily body movement

location in muscles attached to skeleton 

What are the two striation types of the skeletal muscle

cross section and longitudinal section

Smooth muscle; structure, function, location

structure: spindle shaped cells, one nucleus, no striations

function: movements of bodily substances, involuntary

location: blood vessel walls, digestive track walls 

Cardiac muscle: structure, function, location

Structure: branching striated cells, single nucleus, cells connected by discs

Function: pumping of blood, involuntary

Location: Wall of the heart 

Name and describe the two components of intercalated discs that connect cardiomyocytes

• Transverse (Velcro): crosses at right angle to myofibrils, adhesion junctions

• Lateral (Communication): Parallel to myofibrils, Gap junction

What does nervous tissue consist of

neurons and neuroglia

name the three primary functions of neurons

sensory input, integration, motor output; they are the senders/receivers of signals

neuroglia functions

to support and nourish the neurons, they do not involve in electrical signals

what is the size/abundance of neuroglia

outnumber neurons 9 to 1

take up more than half the volume of brain

three components we mention of a neuron structure 

cell body/soma, dendrites, axon 

cell body/soma structure and function

contains nucleus and organelles

cell body processes incoming signals and generates outgoing signals 

dendrites structure and function

extensions of cell body, single or branching

receive incoming signals from other neurons to give to its cell body

axon structure and function

extension of cell body, varied length

can be branches or wrapped in myelin

has axon hillock near cell body

axon terminals send signals to other cells 

what are the three types of neuroglia we mention

astrocytes, microglia, myelin sheath

astrocytes functions

• metabolic support

• form blood-brain barrier 

• maintain concentration of ions in extracellular fluid 

microglia functions

• immune function 

• remove cellular debris 

myelin sheath functions

• insulating layer around axons (interrupted by nodes of Ranvier)

• produced by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS 

Anatomical terms refer to a body that is ___

upright, standing; humans

ventral and anterior means

to the front

dorsal or posterior means 

toward the back 

meaning of superior vs inferior

superior: toward the head

inferior: toward the feet 

medial vs lateral

medial: closer to body midline (heart, nose)

lateral: away from midline (lungs, eyes)

proximal vs distal when referring to an appendage

proximal: closer to body

distal: away from body

organ

a group of tissues performing a common function

no structural similarities between tissues; multiple cells included 

organ system

group of organs with similar function

maintains structure and function of body 

some organ systems ______ while others are found _____

occupy specific cavities, throughout the body

organs and cavities are lined with ____

membranes

some secreting fluid 

how many organ systems make up human body

13; they work together

what is known as an accessory of organ systems; helps to operate them

other structures and glands

What are the 2 main cavities in our body

Ventral and Dorsal

What 3 cavities are within ventral cavity

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic