Endocrinology Week 5

What is the term for increased urination due to lack of ADH action?

Diabetes Insipidus

What is the term for diabetes due to decreased ADH production?

Primary diabetes insipidus

What is the term for diabetes due to lack of ADH receptors?

Secondary diabetes insipidus

What can cause primary diabetes insipidus?

Posterior pituitary issues

What can cause secondary diabetes insipidus?

Kidney issues

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Lack of insulin production from beta islet cells

What causes type 2 diabetes?

insulin resistance

What is a craniopharyngioma?

Suprasellar tumor linked to faulty development of the anterior pituitary

What causes a craniopharyngioma?

Ectopic pieces of rathke's pouch

What is Sheehan syndrome?

postpartum hemorrhage

What does Sheehan syndrome cause in the anterior pituitary?

Hypoxic death of pituitary cells

What is the term for absent anterior pituitary caused by sheen syndrome?

Empty sella syndrome

What can rip the infundibulum from the anterior pituitary?

TBI

What are the signs of a pituitary adenoma?

Visual disturbances, headaches, and excessive hormone production

What are the red cells of the anterior pituitary?

Eosinophils

What types of cells are contained within the eosinophil category?

Somatotropes

Lactotrops

What do somatotropes produce?

Growth hormone

What is the effect of excess GH in youth?

Gigantism

What is the effect of excess GH in adulthood?

Acromegaly (bone thickening)

Which bones thicken in acromegaly?

Fingers, toes, face

What is the effect of GH deficiency in youth?

Dwarfism

What is the effect of absent GH, causing premature aging?

Progeria

What type of tumor causes excess GH production?

Somatotropinoma

Why are GH injections not safe?

Diabetogenic effect

What do lactotropes produce?

Prolactin

What is the term for a benign tumor of a lactotrope cell?

Lactotropinoma

What are the blue cells of the anterior pituitary?

Basophils

What are the types of basophils in the anterior pituitary?

Gonadotropes

What do gonadotropes produce?

LH

FSH

What do thyrotropes produce?

TSH

What do corticotropes produce?

ACTH

What is the term for inappropriate milk secretion?

Galactorrhea

What is the anabolic effect of prolactin?

Causes the cloning of lymphocytes

What can cause galactorrhea?

Chronic stress

When does GH spike?

During exercise

During non-rem sleep

What other neurotransmitters are dopamine converted to?

NE and epinephrine

What female hormone inhibits dopamine?

Estrogen

What 3 structures create estrogen during pregnancy?

Placenta

Ovaries

Fat cells

What accumulates in the female system during pregnancy due to the inhibition of its receptors by estrogen?

Prolactin

What hormone is prolactin inhibitory to the secretion of?

GnRH

What causes an increase in prolactin after delivery?

Frequent nursing

Why is GnRH inhibited by prolactin?

Prevent too many pregnancies

What condition is caused by excessive ACTH?

Cushing's disease

What type of tumor can result in Cushing's disease?

Corticotroponoma

What 3 hormones are elevated in Cushing's disease?

Cortisol

Aldosterone

Sex steroids

What is the amenorrhea method of natural birth control?

Frequent breastfeeding used as a contraceptive