SOCSCI032 Pre-Finals Exams Coverage

What are the “Global North” countries?

Developed societies such as North America, Europe, and Australia—characterized by democracy, wealth, advanced technology, political stability, and dominance in world trade and politics.

What are the “Global South” countries?

Developing countries in Africa, Latin America, and Developing Asia with shared histories of colonialism, neo-imperialism, and economic inequality.

What is the Brandt Line?

A visual division proposed by Willy Brandt showing the economic gap between the wealthy North and the poorer South.

Define First World and Third World.

• First World: Industrialized and developed countries.

• Third World: Developing, non-industrialized, or semi-industrialized countries.

What is Neocolonialism?

Indirect domination where a powerful country controls another economically, politically, or culturally.

Define Austerity.

Government policy of reducing spending on social services to lower budget deficits.

What is Absolute Poverty?

Living on less than the minimum income needed for physical survival—defined by the World Bank as below $1 a day.

What is Regionalism?

The process of closer economic integration among countries within a region that are culturally or geographically linked.

How is wealth distributed between the Global North and South?

• North: 25% of population, controls 80% of global income and 90% of manufacturing.

• South: 75% of population, has access to only 20% of income.

What are the main causes of inequalities between North and South?

Unequal access to resources, education, economic systems, policies, and international relationships.

What are the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?

Global targets set to reduce poverty, promote equality, and encourage sustainable development.

What is the main premise of global relations theories?

Underdevelopment and lack of political representation are realities caused by imbalances of economic and political power among states.

Explain “The Starbucks and the Shanty.”

A metaphor showing that underdevelopment exists in rich nations and affluence exists in poor ones—illustrating the uneven global development.

What does Realism believe?

The world is anarchic; states act in self-interest, competing for power and security. Power defines international relations.

What does Marxism believe?

Global instability stems from class struggle, capitalism, resource exploitation, and institutionalized inequality.

What does Liberalism believe?

International relations are not limited to states; organizations (like NGOs and supranational bodies) also shape global politics.

What does Constructivism believe?

Global politics are shaped by identities, norms, and interactions. State behavior depends on social and cultural factors.

What is Globalism (Steger)?

The idea that global economic integration is inevitable and desirable as a world goal.

What is the Civilization Discourse?

A colonial ideology that justified domination and shaped international order.

What is Modernization Theory (Rostow)?

Development measured by a society’s ability to produce and consume material goods.

What is Clash of Civilizations (Huntington)?

Post–Cold War conflicts arise mainly from cultural and civilizational differences.

What is End of History (Fukuyama)?

The belief that Western liberal capitalism is the final form of human government.

What is The Lexus and the Olive Tree (Friedman)?

Symbolizes the choice between embracing globalization (progress) and rejecting it (stagnation).

What did Lenin and Sukarno argue about global order?

• Lenin: Capitalism expands through imperialism.

• Sukarno: Modern colonialism exists through economic and intellectual control.

What is Third Worldism?

A movement resisting new forms of colonialism and advocating unity among developing countries.

What are the conclusions about the Global South?

• The South continues to be globalized.

• It provides models of resistance.

• Global North must support alternatives from the South.

• The state remains vital in addressing global inequalities.

What is regionalism?

A formal process of intergovernmental collaboration between states; expression of a shared identity and purpose through institutions.

What is globalization?

Increasing global relationships in culture, people, and economic activity through reduction of trade barriers.

Give two core claims of globalization.

(1) Liberalization of markets,

(2) Globalization is inevitable & irreversible.

What does “nobody is in charge of globalization” imply?

No single state or actor controls globalization; it emerges from global market forces.

What regions make up Asia Pacific & South Asia?

Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, South Asia.

What percentage of global GDP does Asia account for?

35%

What major US strategy focuses on the region?

The “Pacific Pivot.”

Name two impacts of colonial rule on Asia.

Advantages/disadvantages in development; rise of nationalism.

Which two Asian countries were not colonized in the traditional sense?

Japan and Thailand.

What growth model did many Asian countries adopt post-WWII?

Export-oriented growth.

What international institutions shaped Asian liberalization after WWII?

IMF and World Bank (Bretton Woods).

Main cause of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis?

Weak institutions, corruption, poor policies, inadequate liberalization.

What were two effects of globalization on employment?

More temporary/part-time jobs; rise of informal work.

What political trend occurred due to globalization?

Decline of authoritarian regimes; rise of democracies.

What is “McWorld”?

Term for cultural westernization due to globalization.

What is the Generative View of Asia?

Asia as a generator of globalization, not just a recipient.

Name two ways Asia generated globalization.

Outsourcing/offshoring; migrant labor & remittances.

What is the “Asian Way”?

Values of consensus, harmony, thrift, authority, and community over individualism.

What is the anti-global impulse?

Movements toward regional alternatives to globalization.

Example of a regional arrangement excluding the West.

East Asian Economic Caucus.

What was the proposed alternative to the IMF?

Asian Monetary Fund.

Give one example of local anti-global movements.

Thailand’s Santi Suk (own local currency).

Why is the middle class important to regionalism?

They promote economic growth, stability, and political participation.

Which country led the first wave of middle class formation in Asia?

Japan

Which wave includes the Philippines?

3rd wave.

What is supranationalism?

States pool sovereignty, limiting autonomy.

What is intergovernmentalism?

Integration based on non-interference in domestic affairs

What are the three driving forces of regionalism?

Management of independence, interdependence, internationalization.

What does “management of independence” mean?

Former colonies need mechanisms to manage domestic and external relations.

What is “management of interdependence”?

Setting norms and rules to manage shared economic, political, social goals.

Give one benefit of regionalism for internationalization.

Builds habits of liberalization and cooperation.

When was ASEAN formed?

August 8, 1967.

Where was ASEAN founded?

Bangkok, Thailand.

Name at least three ASEAN founding fathers.

Adam Malik (Indonesia),

Narciso Ramos (Philippines),

Tun Abdul Razak (Malaysia).

What are ASEAN’s two main purposes?

• Accelerate regional economic, social, cultural development

• Promote regional peace and stability.

What is ASEAN Vision 2020?

A plan for deeper regional integration launched after the 1997 crisis.

When was the ASEAN Charter ratified?

2008