companion animal nutrition Set 9 feeding dogs 9/24/2026

Animals eat to satisfy their proteins needs first

true or false

false

Animals have a requirement for dietary proteins

True or False

False

All calcium sources used in companion animal diets have similar availiablity

true or false

false

The product vignette on a pet food label could misrepresent the contents of the package

false

Pet food mmanufacturers are required to include the percentages of all nutrients in the guaranteed analysis

true or false

false

All the information on principal display and information panels are required by law

true or false

false

Moist food manufactoring involves the following steps in order

batching, grinding, cooking/mixing,filling, steaming, reporting, cooling, labeling, packaging

what is the primary purose of extrusion in dry pet food manufactoring?

to cook and form kibbles

which label elment tells you whether an all purpose pet food is substantiated for growth/reproduction, adult mainence, or all life stages

nutritional adequancy statment (information panel)

pet food cannot be truly evaluated based on infgredient list because:

ingredients are listed on as-is basis during manufactoring, not dry matter basis, so high-moisture items can appear higher than their true nutient contribution

and

components of a hydrated ingredient may be listed separetly, making the base appear lower than the combined component’s real contribution

ingredients are listed on as-is basis during manufactoring, not dry matter basis, so high-moisture items can appear higher than their true nutient contribution

and

components of a hydrated ingredient may be listed separetly, making the base appear lower than the combined component’s real contribution

the primary role of humectants and organic acids in semi-moiste pet foods?

to increase water activity and inhibit mold growth

which of th4e following is not a step in dry pet food manufactoring?

a. grinding

b. extruding

c. retorting

d. packaging

c

Requirement =

Maintenance ± Σ(Activity + Growth + Pregnancy + Lactation + Other demands)

other demands could be current _____ issues like diseases

health

The factorial method assembles the requirement; empirical studies provide the numbers

An ________ method estimates the total requirement directly from the animal’s response to different dietary intakes

empirical

The factorial method assembles the requirement; empirical studies provide the numbers

A _______ method estimates the requirement by adding separately measured physiological costs

factorial

Homemade Diets: Adequacy, Safety, and Life-Stage Suitability

• Homemade foods, unlike commercial foods, are not _________

• Thus, unless experts in canine nutrition have formulated the recipes from which they are made, there are no __________ that homemade foods will provide adequate nutrition or that the ingredients used to make them are safe for dogs

• However, even if the recipes for homemade foods ensure nutritional adequacy and ingredient safety, key nutritional factors should also be considered, depending on the life stage of the dog being fed

regulated, assurances

Dogs are fed based on life stage

• Depending on breed, dogs one through 5 to 7 years of age are generally considered young adults

• They are usually fully grown (about ___ months old for most breeds) but are not yet middle aged - height is done but still more filling out of the form is continuing

• In people, middle age is often considered to coincide with the third quarter of the average lifespan

• Other than obesity and periodontal disease, this age range represents a relatively ________ period in a dog’s life

12, healthy

• __________ ________ should be a structured process that includes:

• Obtaining accurate and detailed medical and nutritional histories

• Reviewing the medical record

• Conducting a physical examination

• Evaluating results of laboratory and other diagnostic tests

Patient assessment

Patient assessment: medical and nutritional histories

• A minimum dietary database for all canine patients should be obtained and include:

• The type of food fed (home made, commercial, dry, moist, semi-moist, etc.)

• Recipes if homemade food represents the majority of the diet

• Brand names of commercial foods, if known

• Names of supplements, treats and snacks

• ________ of feeding (free choice, meal feeding, etc.)

Method

Patient assessment: medical and nutritional histories

• An extended dietary database includes:

• Quantities fed

• Recent changes in food type, intake and preferences

• Access to food for other pets or livestock,

• Who in the family buys food for the pet

• Who in the family _____ the pet

• ______ changes with estimates of magnitude and duration

feeds, Appetite

Patient assessment: medical and nutritional histories

• Body weight, body condition score (BCS), oral health and overall appearance of the skin and coat (_____ coat implies good nutrition and dull coat implies bad nutrition) of all adult dogs should be assessed and recorded in the medical record

Shiny

Patient assessment: sex and neuter status

• ___ controlled studies have delineated differences in nutritional requirements of intact male vs. intact female dogs

• It may be presumed that, like other mammals, intact females require less ____ _____ than intact males

• If this assumption is true it is probably because of sex-related differences in lean body mass

• Lean body mass accounts for nearly all of an animal’s resting energy requirement (RER)

No, caloric intake

Patient assessment: sex and neuter status

• One study showed that female dogs had an average of 16% more body fat than male dogs

• Neutering does not appear to have a marked impact on the resting energy expenditure of female dogs

• However, it may significantly increase food intake

• A _______ in physical activity is also assumed to occur in many dogs after neutering and may play a more important role in male dogs because of decreased roaming

decrease

Patient assessment: breed

• The breed classification should be determined in the initial assessment

• Different breeds may be at risk for specific diseases or metabolic alterations that require nutritional management

• In addition, daily energy requirement (DER) differences have been delineated among different breeds, possibly because of:

• Differences in ____ body mass

• ___________ and ______ level

lean, Temperament, activity

Patient assessment: breed

• As examples:

• Newfoundland dogs have energy requirements about 20% ___ than average

• Great Danes and Terriers may have energy requirements up to 60% ______ than average

less, higher

Patient assessment: activity level

• Activity significantly influences the energy requirements of individual dogs and should be taken into account when estimating energy requirements

• For example, standing requires 40% ____ energy than lying down

• DER (daily energy requirements) may range from RER (resting energy laskdjfl) for sedentary dogs to almost 15 x RER for endurance athletes under extreme conditions

more

Patient assessment: activity level

• Activity level may also reflect ___ of the animal

• Because the activity of individual dogs often cannot be defined precisely, feeding recommendations should initially be conservative to avoid overfeeding and the risk of obesity

age

Patient assessment: activity level

• In sedentary dogs estimations for DER include enough energy to support spontaneous activity, such as eating, sleeping, going outside and up to three hours of play and exercise per day

• However, most pet dogs are minimally active (NRC, 2006)

• ~ 19% of owners ____ play with their dogs

• ~ 22% take their dogs out for exercise ____ than 3 h/week

• Solitary dogs are less active than dogs housed as a group

(Dogs in kennels for example)

never, fewer

Patient assessment: activity level

• For active and sporting dogs requirements are obviously greater

• Greyhounds are sprint athletes can run at 56 to 60 km/hour (35 to 37.5 miles/hour)

• Sled dogs are endurance athletes and can trot at 16 km/hour (10 miles/hour) for 10 to 14 hours per day for several consecutive days

• Energy requirements of dogs performing work between the two extremes (i.e., _________ and ___ dogs) need to be tailored to the __________

sedentary, sled, individual

Patient assessment: environment

• The influence of the environment should not be neglected when evaluating energy and nutrient requirements.

• Temperature, __________, type of housing, level of stress and the degree of acclimatization should be considered with respect to breed and life stage nutrient requirements of dogs

• Animal factors including insulative characteristics of skin and coat (i.e., subcutaneous fat, hair length and coat ______) and differences in ______, behavior and activity interact and affect DER

humidity, density, stature

Patient assessment: environment

• When kept outside in cold weather, dogs may need 10 to 90% _____ energy than during optimal weather conditions

• Heat losses are minimal at a temperature called the ____ _____ _________

• The lower critical temperature is estimated at 15 to 20ºC (59 to 68ºF) for longhaired breeds, 20 to 25ºC (68 to 77ºF) for shorthaired breeds and may be as ___ as 10 to 15ºC (50 to 59ºF) for arctic breeds

more, lower critical temperature, low

Patient assessment: environment

• Compared to cold ambient temperatures, a relatively _________ amount of energy is expended to dissipate heat at higher temperatures

• Above the thermoneutral zone; however, increased amounts of _____ are required

• Adult dogs tolerated high ambient temperatures up to 56ºC (133ºF) for _____ hours or more in dry air but became poikilothermic (cannot adjust body temperature) at 33ºC (91ºF) or higher in ______ air after one hour

smaller, water, three, moist