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levels of organization from simplest to most complex
molecule
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
superior v. inferior:Â
Superior:(ABOVE) Toward the head ex. StomachÂ
Inferior: (BELOW)Toward the feet ex. PelvisÂ
anterior v. posterior:Â
Anterior: (INFRONT) Toward the front ex. Sternum (breast bone)Â
Posterior: (BEHIND/BACK) Toward the rear ex. Brainsten
medial v. lateral
Medial: TOWARD the MIDLINE ex. The big toe is a medial (to the small toe)Â
Lateral: TOWARD the OUTSIDE/LEDGEÂ ex. The ear is lateral to the noseÂ
proximal v. distal
Distal: TOWARD the END of a LIMB ex. The wrist is distal (to the elbow)
Caudal: AWAYFROM the HEAD, same as inferior. (FEET)
sagittal (or longitudinal)
frontal (or coronal)
transverse
Receptor
 takes information from the body about variables. Responds to changes in the environment and sends information to the control center.Â
Effector
 takes action in the body to change variables. Provides a means for response to the stimulus.Â
control center
determines whether variables above/low set point, analyzes the information whether action is required or appropriate response.Â
CNS v. PNS
(CNS): consists of the brain and spinal cord. Incoming sensory information and issue instructions based on past experience and current conditions. They send the information out to the body.Â
(PNS): part of the nervous system outside the CNS. Consists nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord. Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord. Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the brain.
somatic v. autonomic:Â
The somatic nervous system - allows us to voluntarily control our skeletal muscles, referred to as the voluntary nervous system.Â
autonomic nervous system - involuntary. Referred to as the involuntary nervous system has 2 parts - the sympathetic and parasympathetic, which brings the opposite effects. One stimulates and the other inhibits. Cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands.Â
parasympathetic v. sympathetic:Â
Parasympathetic conserves energy and promotes rest, while sympathetic activates the fight or flight response.
Dendrite
the branching extensions of neurons that carry electrical signals towards the cell body. The receptive portion of a nerve cell.
Cell body
Metabolic center of the neuron. Contains nucleus. Nissel bodies and neurofibrils are important.
Axon
Generate nerve impulses and conduct them away from the cell body. Transmits signals to other neurons, muscles and glands.
Node of Ranvier
Gaps between the two myelin insulation sheaths, which insulate (speed up) the axon of neurons. To speed up propagation of action potentials along the axon via saltatory conduction.
Schwann cell
Produce myelin sheath.
axon terminal
Releases neurotransmitters.
myelin sheath
Wrapped around the Schwann cell, so the axon sends information out of the cell body faster.
3 layers of meninges
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
Functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
assists the brain by providing protection, nourishment, and waste removal.
Muscle Types
Skeletal | Cardiac | Smooth | |
where found in the body? | everywhere | heart | organs |
appearance? | striated | striated | not striated (smooth) |
control of contraction? | voluntary | involuntary | involuntary |
Origin
attachment to an immovable.
Insertion
attachment to a moveable bone.
Flexion
decreases the angle of the joint brings two bones closer together. Use
Extension
Opposite of flexion, increases the angle or distance, between two bones or parts of the body. Ex
Abduction
moving a limb away from the midline of the body. Ex
Adduction
opposite of abduction movement of a limb toward the body midline
agonist (prime mover)
Muscle with the major responsibility for certain movements
Antagonist
Muscles that oppose or reverses a prime mover