Nucleic Acids

H- Hydrogen

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

DNA

Double-stranded

DNA

OH - Hydroxide

RNA (Ribonucleic Acids)

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil

RNA

Single-stranded

RNA

sugar (ribose), phosphate

RNA backbone

A:U G:C

RNA steps

sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate

DNA backbones

A:T, G:C

DNA Steps

is a polymer made of

DNA

steps are complementary base pairs

-bases are held together by hydrogen bonds

3 between G and C

2 between A and T

DNA : structure

Antiparallel

Complementary DNA backbones are

5’ -TACG -3’

Which is complementary to 3’ - ATGC -5’

possible because strands of DNA are complementary

DNA Replication

Old DNA strand unzips, new complimentary nucleotides fill in on the 3’ end of each side to
make 2 strands half old, half new.
Old DNA
New DNA

DNA Replication

DNA polymerase enzyme attaches nucleotides to the 3’ end of a growing chain through a
dehydration synthesis reaction

DNA Replication by Polymerization

condenses to form chromsome within the nucleus of cells

DNA Replication

replicate before cell division.
The replicated sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere

Chromosome Replication

Genes within each chromosome are replicated

Chromosome Replication in Eukaryotes

46 and paired with one of each 23 different chromosomes

How many chromosomes to do humans have and what are they paired with

22 and 1 from each parent. Sex chromosomes, mothers give X or X and fathers give X or Y. (20,00 protein-encoding genes

How many autosomal chromes and sex chromosomes do humans inherit

break open cells

Crush strawberries

Soap

Dissolves phospholipid bilayers of cell membrane & organelles to free DNA

Salt

Breaks up protein chains around nucleic acids to free DNA.(Could substitute mea

DNA goes into solution

Water

Separation - Filter

separate dissolved DNA from other cellular components

Precipitation- Alcohol

Precipitates DNA from solution