Computer Hardware and Software Study Guide

A set of vocabulary flashcards to review key concepts related to computer hardware and software.

Form Factors

Define the size, shape, and layout of computer components, particularly motherboards.

SATA

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment; an interface for connecting storage devices like hard drives and SSDs to the motherboard.

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)

A modern replacement for BIOS that connects the computer’s hardware to the operating system, offering features like a GUI and faster boot times.

Multithreading

A CPU feature that enables each core to handle multiple tasks simultaneously.

Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)

Firmware embedded in the motherboard for hardware initialization during the boot process and provides an interface for the OS to interact with hardware.

Hot Swapping

The ability to replace or add components to a system while it is still powered on.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Temporary, volatile storage used by the CPU to store data currently being processed.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A traditional storage device that uses mechanical parts to read and write data, characterized by its RPM.

Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe)

A storage protocol designed to maximize the speed of SSDs by connecting directly to the PCIe bus.

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)

A technology that combines multiple hard drives into a single unit for redundancy or performance.

Solid State Drive (SSD)

A storage device that uses flash memory, providing faster speeds and greater durability than HDDs.

Virtualization

Technology that allows multiple operating systems to run on a single machine by simulating hardware resources.

File Systems

Methods for organizing and storing data on storage devices, including NTFS and exFAT.

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe)

A high-speed interface standard for connecting expansion cards to the motherboard.

Network Interface Cards (NIC)

Hardware components that allow computers to connect to networks, either wired or wireless.

Device Drivers

Software programs that enable the operating system to communicate with hardware components.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Software hosted in the cloud and accessed via the internet, eliminating local installation needs.

End-of-Life (EOL)

When hardware or software is no longer supported, receiving no updates or security patches.

BIOS vs. UEFI

BIOS is the traditional firmware for booting; UEFI is the modern replacement with advantages like faster boot times and enhanced security.

Clock Speed

Measured in GHz, it determines how quickly a CPU can execute instructions.

Cloud Storage

Storing data over the internet instead of on local hard drives.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

Specialized hardware for rendering graphics and handling visual computations.