AP EURO unit 7 vacab

industrial rev

1750-1850

great exhibition

1851

revolutions of 1848

1848

imperialism

1850-1914

second wave industrial rev

1850-1914

1. nationalism -

1. nationalism -

   • A sense of national Consciousness based on awareness of being part of a community

   • or a nation that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs and that becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty.

   • Examples of nationalism include the Revolutions of 1848 and Italian and German Unification.  

Italian unification

Italian unification -

• During the Renaissance, Italy was divided into five major rival states.

• By the 1700s, it was under Spanish and Austrian control.

• Italy was ripe for unification.

• Under Count Cavour, an Italian statesman and modernizer, Italy allied with France’s King Napoleon III to overthrow the Austrian Empire’s control in northern Italy.

• His success rallied other Italian nationalists, and then Giuseppe Garibaldi gathered approximately a thousand volunteers, who captured parts of southern Italy and then moved north to unite with Cavour’s army.

• In 1861, the kingdom of Italy was officially formed under the king of Piedmont, King Emmanuel II. 

1. German unification

1. German unification -

   1. After the Holy Roman Empire collapsed, modern-day Germany was composed of over 400 independent states.

   2. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, there were just under 40 German states, the two strongest being Prussia and Austria.

   3. The first instance of cooperation between German states was the establishment of the Zollverein, an economic union between states that were not politically connected.

   4. Then, Otto von Bismarck, utilized realpolitik and negative integration in order to unite Germany under Prussian rule.

   5. In 1871, the Prussian King William I was crowned German Emperor.  

Otto Von Bismarck

• After the Revolutions of 1848, modern-day Germany was composed of many states, the two strongest being Prussia and Austria.

• Bismarck supported Prussian King William I and used realpolitik to unite Germany under Prussian leadership.

• In large part, Bismarck utilized warfare in order to maintain and consolidate Prussian power.

• In addition, he utilized the newspaper and even forged a letter in order to start a war. He used negative integration by targeting socialists and Catholics.

• One example of his use of realpolitik was when he first banned the Socialist party, and then implemented his own government reforms that were largely socialist at heart.

• He also implemented kulturkampf by implementing anti-Catholic policies, which appealed to liberals, who did not like the Catholic Church.

• Liberals were also placated by Bismarck’s implementation of industrializatio

1. realpolitik - “

• politics of reality”

• politics based on practical concerns rather than theory or ethics.

• It’s politics based on power rather than ideals, meaning politicians are willing to do whatever it takes in order to achieve their goals.

• These are often associated with Machiavellian politics.

• Realpolitik was utilized by Otto von Bismarck during German unification. 

1. Dreyfus affair

1. - French army officer, Alfred Dreyfus, was falsely accused of providing military secrets to the Germans.

2. He was tried, imprisoned, and rehabilitated.

3. The false accusation was likely due to his Jewish heritage. 

1. zionism

1. - An international movement that called for the establishment of a Jewish state or a refuge for Jews in Palestine.

2. It was founded by Theodor Herzl, a journalist who advocated the establishment of a Jewish state.  

1. Congress of Berlin

1. - Chaired by German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, the Congress of Berlin was held in 1878.

2. It was a diplomatic conference that aimed to decide who would control southeastern Europe, as the Ottoman Empire was losing control in that area.

3. The congress limited Russian naval expansion into the area;

4. gave independence to Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania; allowed Austria-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina; r

5. reduced the size of Bulgaria by approximately two-thirds;

6. and placed Cyprus under temporary control of the British.

7. Pan-Slavists were dissatisfied with the decisions made at the congress. 

1. imperialism -

• The policy of extending a country's influence over less powerful states,

• including competition for raw materials and markets. 

1. Charles Darwin

1. - Scientist and author of Origin of Species (1859), which introduced the theory of natural selection.

2. This was Darwin's idea that organisms that are most adaptable to their environment survive and pass on the variations that enable them to survive,

3. while less adaptable organisms become extinct.

4. This is also known as “survival of the fittest.” 

1. Social Darwinism -

1. The application of Darwin's principle of evolution to the development of society.

2. It led to the belief that progress comes from the struggle for survival as the fittest advance and the weak decline,

3. justifying inequality and imperialism in places like Africa, India, and China.

4. During this time, Social Darwinism was associated with the belief that it was “The White Man’s Burden” to civilize other people, to “enlighten” those who live in “ignorance” and “superstition”. 

1. “The White Man’s Burden

1. - A poem by Rudyard Kipling that argued for American imperialism of The Philippines.

2. Anti-imperialists, which included people such as Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, and Arthur Conan Doyle began to use this

3. racialized phrase as a euphemism for imperialism.  

1. King Leopold II

1. - King of Belgium (1865-1909). During his reign Belgium underwent significant industrial and colonial expansion, in large part due to wealth exploited from the Congo. T

2. he Berlin Conference recognized Leopold as head of the newly created Congo Free State.

3. He amassed personal wealth by exploiting the people of the Congo, often having his soldiers cut off hands of those who could not meet quotas to provide rubber and ivory.

4. Eventually, Leopold II’s mistreatment of the Congo population became an international scandal and he was forced to hand over the territory to Belgium parliament. 

1. Berlin Conference

1. - This meeting held in 1884-1885 marked the height of European imperialism in African territory or The Scramble for Africa.

2. Conflict among European powers had arisen over the colonization of different parts of Africa: Britain and France were fighting over Egypt; Portugal and Britain over East Africa; and France and Belgium over central Africa.

3. Otto von Bismarck called the Berlin Conference to settle these disputes diplomatically.

4. The delegates—which included only Europeans and no Africans—formally mapped their claims of African territory and agreed to free trade among the colonies.

5. By 1900, European states had claimed nearly 90 percent of African territory.

6. Only two modern-day African countries, Ethiopia and Liberia, are never colonized. 

1. India’s Sepoy Mutiny

1. - An uprising from 1857-1859 against the rule of the British East India Company in India.

2. Indian soldiers refused to handle cartridges greased with pig and cow fat, which was against both Islam and Hinduism.

3. The mutineers seized Delhi from British control and restored the former Mogul Emperor to his throne.

4. The mutiny spread and even led to the massacre of a British garrison.

5. In the end, Britain recaptured Delhi and the British crown replaced the East India Company as rulers in India. 

1. China’s Boxer Rebellion

1. - A popular anti-western movement in China in 1900 during British imperialism.

2. The movement began with the secret society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Boxers), which was opposed to foreign expansion and had its roots in rural poverty and unemployment.

3. These problems were blamed partially on western imports and had the political support of Cixi, empress dowager of China.

4. As the movement grew, the Boxers attacked missionaries, Chinese Christians, and people handling foreign goods.

5. In 1900, the Boxers besieged the Legation Quarter, which contained representatives of foreign countries, for almost two months.

6. An international force ended the siege, looted the capital, forced Cixi and the emperor to flee, and negotiated heavy reparations against China.

7. In the end, the rebellion increased foreign interference in China. 

1. realism -

A 19th-century school of painting that emphasized the everyday life of ordinary people,

depicted with photographic accuracy. 

1. modernism

• The artistic and literary styles that emerged in the decades before 1914 as artists rebelled against traditional efforts to portray reality as accurately as possible (

• leading to impressionism, post-impressionism, and cubism) and writers explored new forms. 

positivism

• auguste comte

• only scientific knowledge is valid

• relies on scientific method

Crimean War

• a war fought by russia against turkey, britain, and france

• brian and france feared russian expantion towards the black sea and wanted to maintain rade routes

• war ended with russian defeat

• signed the treaty of paris which forbade russia to base warships in the black sea, and the land russia had taken from the ottomans became independant

Panslavism

• nationalistic movement

• intended to bring political unity of all slavic people

• pan slavs had to desroy the ottoman empire and establish a federation under the russian emporer

• led to the balkan legue of 1912 which russia supported the pan slavs against austria which eventually led to WWI