aphug unit 2 vocab

population distribution

the pattern of human settlement; the spread of people across the earth

population density

the overall term describing measure of the average population per square mile/kilometer

social stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power and/or ethnicity

arithmetic density

a calculation made by dividing a region’s population by its total area

ex) china

physiological density

calculated by dividing the population by the amount of arable land

ex) egypt

arable land

land suitable for growing crops

agricultural density

compares the # of farmers to the area of arable land

ex) high for ldcs

infrastructure

facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their typical activities

carrying capacity

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

population pyramid

age-sex composition graph, provides information on birth rates, death rates, life expectancy, and economic development

birth deficit

slow down of births

baby boom

effect of shift from war to peace, often spikes

baby bust

often followed after a baby boom, where birth rates are LOWER for a # of years

echo

often results due to a significant increase in births, shows up as bulge on the population pyramid

dependent population

people under 15 or over 64

dependency ratio

the comparison between the size of these two groups

crude birth rate

# of live births per year for each 1000 people

total fertility rate

average # of children born per woman in their childbearing years

life expectancy

the average # of years people live

infant mortality rate

the # of children who die before their first birthday

crude death rate

# of deaths per 1000 people

natural increase rate

percentage at which a country’s population is a growing or declining without impact of migration

doubling time

any exponentially-growing quantity taking time to double in size

demographic transition model

shows 5 typical stages of population change that countries experience as they develop

high stationary

this is the first stage of the DTM

high CBR, CDR—low NIR—Youth Dependency

ex) NO COUNTRY

early expanding

this is the second stage of the DTM

high CBR—rapidly falling CDR—rapidly growing NIR—Youth Dependency

ex) LDCS, Niger

late expanding

this is the third stage of the DTM

falling CBR, CDR—NIR growth slows—young society, living longer

ex) NICS, India

low stationary

this is the fourth stage of the DTM

low CBR—NIR falls and then stabilizes to low growth—shift to elderly dependency

ex) MDCs, Australia, US

declining

this is the fifth stage of the DTM

very low CBR— low CDR—negative or very low NIR—elderly dependency

ex) Japan, Germany

demographic momentum

the process that occurs because even though fertility rates have declined, people are living longer

epidemiological transition model

this explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies

disease and famine

first stage of the ETM

receding pandemics

second stage of the ETM

degenerative and human created diseases

third stage of the ETM

delayed degenerative diseases

fourth stage of the ETM

reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases

fifth stage of the ETM

malthusian theory

analysis of the relationship between the growing population and concluded that society was on path towards massive starvation

overpopulation

the world’s population being unsupportable

neo-malthusians

accepts the malthusian theory; believe that the population growth is a serious problem currently and a greater threat for the future

boserup theory

the more people there are, the more hands there are to work rather than just more mouths to feed

anti-natalist policies

programs designed to decrease fertility rate, attempts to decrease the # of births in a country and are often used by developing countries

pro-natalist policies

programs designed to increase fertility rate

migration

permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

push factor

negative circumstances, conditions or events that cause a person to leave

ex) low wages

pull factors

positive conditions and circumstances that compel migrants to come

ex) higher wages

immigration

person/process of migrating across an international border with intention of staying permanently (perspective of receiving country)

emigration

person/process of leaving a country (perspective of country that migrant is leaving)

migration transition model

argues that stages 2 and 3 of DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding

intervening obstacles

barriers that make reaching a desired destination more difficult

intervening opportunities

encountering opportunities en route that disrupt the original migration plan

step migration

a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

rural-to-urban migration

process of moving from agricultural areas to urban areas

counter migration

migration flow that produces a movement in the opposite direction

forced migration

migrant has no choice but to move

internally displaced persons

when migrants are forced to move or flee to another part of the same country

refugees

migrants that are forced to flee or move to another country and cross international borders due to conflict

asylum

protection granted by a country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if they return

voluntary migration

occurs when people choose to relocate

internal migration

used to describe movement or migration within a country

transnational migration

when people move from one country to another

chain migration

explains the many patterns of migration and helps migrants transition into the receiving country. the decision to located in a city where others from their home country have previously settled

guest workers

transnational migrant who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally

transhumance

process of herders moving their animals to different pastures during different seasons

xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

remittances

money sent to one’s family and friends back at home/in the country they left

brain drain

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group