CRSC TERMINOLOGY FRUITS AND SEEDS

fruit

is a flowering plant's

fleshy or dry ripened ovary, enclosing the seed or

seeds.

Simple Fruits

fruits develop from a single ovary of one

or more carpels.

Dry Fruits

pericarp is not succulent and

the pericarp becomes dry one the fruits mature.

Dehiscent fruits

These fruits dehisce or split

open when they mature.

Follicle

is a dry dehiscent fruit that arises from a

single carpal and on maturity splits only along one

suture. E.g.Larkspur

Legume

is a dry dehiscent fruit that arises from

a single carpal and on maturity splits along its

dorsal and ventral sutures. E.g. Pea

Capsule

made up of multiple carpals and splits

in four ways. E.g Eucalyptus

Silique

is made up of two carpals that split on

maturity. E. g Mustard plant

Indehiscent fruits

these fruits do not split open

on maturity.

Akene

where the only seed is attached to the

fruit at one point only. E.g. sunflower

Caryopsis

where the only seed is attached to

the fruit at all possible points. E.g. Maize

Samara

is a one or two seeded which has

seeds with wing-like structures. E.g.Maple

Schizocarp

 is made up of multiple carpals which

separate on maturity to form multiple indehiscent

fruits. E.g. Dill

Nut

has thick pericarps and is a one-seeded fruit

formed from a compound ovary. It is hard in

texture. E.g Chestnuts

Fleshy Fruits

In these fruits, the fruit wall or

pericarp is thick and fleshy.

Berry

is made up of one or more carpals

and contains one or more seeds. The pericarp is

soft, fleshy and juicy.

Drupe

 is derived from a single carpel and

contains one seed. Exocarp is present as a thin

skin, the mesocarp is fleshy and the endocarp

becomes stony hard. E.g Mango

•Pome (accessory fruit) is an access

Pome

is an accessory fleshy

fruit formed by a group of carpels that are firmly

united with each other and surrounded by and

united to the receptacle. E.g Apple

Aggregate Fruits

These fruits develop from multiple ovaries but

of the same flower

Multiple Fruits

They are formed by all the flowers of an

inflorescence which together result in a single big

fruit.

Pericarp

is the wall of the ovary that develops

as the wall of the fruits.

Simple Fruits

develops from one ovary

Aggregate fruit

develops from several ovaries of a single

flower

Collective or Multiple Fruit

derived from several ovaries of several

flowers or from the ovaries of a compact

inflorescence.

Fleshy

when the pericarp is soft, juicy (or pulpy)

or succulent

Dry

when the pericarp is dry or papery upon

maturity

Pits

in fruits are large, hard, central seeds, also known as "stones"

seam

 in a dry fruit refers to the line or

lines along which the fruit's pericarp (outer

layer) splits open to release its seeds, a

process called dehiscing.

carpel

is the female reproductive

structure of a flowering plant that develops into

the fruit after fertilization

Conventional Tillage

 is the series of operations

used in a particular geographic area to produce a

specific crop.

Conventional Tillage

This type of land preparation leaves the soil

surface bare and reduces the soil particles, which

makes them exposed to the erosive forces of

wind and water. So it causes the loss of soil

moisture, leads to increased wind and water

erosion, and consumes significant amounts of

fuel.

Conservation tillage 

are a type

of land preparation that has the potential

to preserve the soil and water and it does

so by reducing the loss of soil and water,

unlike conventional tillage.

Conservation tillage

integrates a range of

residue management and no-till or reduced

tillage practices.

Zero tillage

is the traditional land preparation

technique where the whole idea is to

avoid manipulating the soil at all costs. This

technique is based on the preservation

and conservation of the soil and is used to grow

crops without disturbing the soil

through tillage at all.

Land clearing

is the growth of land to develop a

potential use for agricultural purposes.

Square System

This system of planting is the most common

because it is the easiest and simplest to lay out

and it makes operations easy by mechanical

means. It is done by setting a fruit tree seedling in

each corner of the square whatever the planting

distance may be.

Quincunx System

This system of planting makes use of a square

with an additional or fifth plant at the center called

a filler.

Hexagonal System

Trees are planted equidistant to one

another from every direction to form an

equilateral triangle.

Contour or Terrace System

A special system may be developed by the

grower to meet conditions, particularly in the

hillsides where land is steep, the topography is

irregular, or the area is inclined.

Mud pudding

This is done to protect the roots of

seedlings from drying after they are lifted and

trimmed

Packing

Banana leaf sheath and gunny sack

may be used in packing the seedlings.

Dibbling

Planting is done with the help of a dibble or any

pointed tool that can be used to

make holes in the soil. 

Precocity

 measures how early the tree will start

to bear fruit from the time the tree is planted.

Rootstock

mostly determine the size of the tree

The actual sie also depends on the fruit type

variety, pruning, and the environment

Growing zones

help growers

know which trees will thrive in

their region.

Disease resistance

some varieties

of fruit trees that are either

naturally resistant or which

growers have developed to

be resistant to certain

diseases. Some varieties of

fruit trees are

Lakatan

appears to be the most common cultivar

in Manila, and is grown all over the country. It has

a bright, highly saturated yellow hue on its

just-thick-enough peel, with an easy-to-separate,

relatively flavorful inner lining. Its flesh has a

distinct yellow-to-orange color, pointing to high

levels of Vitamin A.

Latundan

Also very common around Manila (and said to be the most common of the dessert varieties all around the Philippines), is said to have been

introduced from India by a French clergyman, Letondal.

Compared to Lakatan, Latundan takes on a fatter

form and pointier shape toward the end. Its peel is thin, with barely any

inner lining to be found, and reveals a pale, borderline-white flesh.

Saba

said to be the “most important cultivar” of all. This fatter and stubbier banana is of the ‘cooking’ sort. You’ll find it in a number of Filipino dishes,

Señorita

Smaller in scale. It is similar to Lakatan

in many ways; it comes with a yellow-orange color on the

peel with no inner lining.

Flavor: Sweet and aromatic

Cavendish

the most WIDELY GROWN and traded banana in the world. The Cavendish as we know it tends to be of a similar overall shape as Lakatan, but bigger. It has a less saturated-yellow hue on its flesh and skin.

Morado

This red-skinned variety is uncommon in the Metro. But you’ll

find it more commonly in areas such as Mindoro and Baguio

Bungulan

starts green and stays green, even when ripe. Sweet and tangy.

Meiosis

is a process where a single cell

divides twice to produce four cells

containing half the original amount of

genetic information. 

Sexual reproduction

refers to multiplication of

plants by seeds. Seeds are formed after successful

pollination and

fertilization by the union of male and female

gametes.

Polyploidy

 is the heritable condition of possessing

more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

APOMIXIS

asexual reproduction through seeds

that gives rise to clonal offspring that are genetically identical to the mother plant.

Polyembryony

In plants, this phenomenon is

caused either due to the fertilization of one or

more than one embryonic sac or due to the

origination of embryos outside of the

embryonic sac.

Asexual Propagation

It is independent of sexual propagation process

as there is no involvement of sex organs.

Grafting

 joining the parts of two seperate plants

so that they will unite and continue to grow as a

single plant

Budding

is the modification of grafting involvung

the use of a scion with a single bud attached to a

piece of bark

Scion

the part of the union to be attached to the

rootstock

Cambium

the regenerative tissue or layer of cell

located between the bark and the wood of the

plant

Layering

development of roots on a stem while

the stem is still attached to the parent plant

Layer

is the rooted stem following detachment

from the parent plant