BIO105 Final Review Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering Chemistry of Life, Cellular Function, Respiration, Tissues, Muscle/Nervous Systems, Brain Anatomy, Special Senses, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Endocrine systems based on the BIO105 review.

Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located within an atom?

Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, while electrons are found in the valence shells.

How many electrons can the innermost and outermost valence shells contain?

The innermost shell can contain up to $2$ electrons, and the outermost shell can contain up to $8$ electrons.

What characterizes ionic bonds and how do they react in water?

They are formed by a weak attraction between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion and break easily when placed in water.

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

In nonpolar covalent bonds, electrons are shared equally, while in polar covalent bonds, electrons are shared unequally.

What are peptide bonds and where are they found?

They are covalent bonds found in proteins, specifically in the primary structure, and also between the sugar and phosphate molecules of DNA and RNA.

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA and water?

In DNA, hydrogen bonds form between nucleotides to twist it into a double helix; in water, they exist between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of multiple water molecules.

What are the characteristics of hydrolysis and dehydration reactions?

In hydrolysis, water is used to break a larger molecule into smaller ones (reactants are larger). In dehydration, the removal of water joins two molecules (products are larger).

Which macromolecule is composed of a glycerol molecule bound to $3$ fatty acids?

Triglycerides

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary (amino acid string), Secondary (alpha helices and beta pleated sheets), Tertiary ($3$-dimensional structure), and Quaternary (binding of several protein subunits).

What are four key characteristics of enzymes?

They are specific to certain substrates, increase reaction speed, catalyze reactions, and are not 'used up' by the reaction.

What are the functions of the Mitochondria and the Golgi complex?

The Mitochondria synthesizes ATP from glucose, and the Golgi complex packages and modifies proteins for transport.

How is diffusion defined and what factors increase its rate?

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration. The rate increases with higher temperature, concentration gradient, or membrane permeability.

What is Osmosis and how does tonicity affect cell volume?

Osmosis is water movement across a membrane from low to high solute concentration. In hypertonic environments, volume decreases; in hypotonic, volume increases; in isotonic, there is no change.

What are the two steps of protein synthesis and where do they occur?

Transcription occurs in the nucleus (DNA to mRNA), and translation occurs at the ribosomes (forming the primary protein structure).

What are the three sequential processes of cellular respiration and its major goal?

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron transport chain. The major goal is to create ATP for the cell.

How are simple, stratified, and pseudostratified epithelia distinguished?

Simple is a single layer, stratified is multiple layers (only bottom touches basement membrane), and pseudostratified appears as many layers but all cells reach the basement membrane.

What are the primary functions of Muscle Tissue and Nervous Tissue?

Muscle tissue allows body movement, while nervous tissue is responsible for generating electrical impulses.

What components are required for skeletal muscle contraction?

ATP, the ion Calcium, and the binding of actin (thin myofilament) to myosin (thick myofilament).

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron and what happens during depolarization?

The resting potential is $-70\,mV$. During depolarization, the voltage becomes more positive as Sodium ($Na^+$) ions enter the cell.

What are the chemical signals used by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

The parasympathetic (rest and digest) uses acetylcholine, and the sympathetic (fight and flight) uses norepinephrine.

What are the functions of the Frontal lobe and the Hypothalamus?

The Frontal lobe is for higher order mental functions like decision making, and the Hypothalamus regulates hunger, thirst, and temperature.

Which structures in the eye and ear are responsible for focusing light and communicating auditory information?

The Lens focuses light onto the retina, and the Cochlea communicates auditory information to the nerve.

What is the difference between the right and left sides of the heart regarding blood flow?

The right side pumps blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps blood to the rest of the body.

Where does gas and nutrient exchange occur in the cardiovascular system?

In vessels known as capillaries.

What defines external vs. internal respiration?

External respiration is gas exchange between lungs and blood; internal respiration is gas exchange between blood and body tissues.

What is the function of the Pancreas and the Liver in the digestive system?

The Pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and insulin/glucagon; the Liver synthesizes bile and detoxifies blood.

What are the processes of Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion in the urinary system?

Filtration moves blood from the glomerulus to the capsule; Reabsorption moves substances from the nephron to the blood; Secretion moves substances from the blood to the nephron.

How do Insulin and Glucagon regulate blood sugar?

Insulin decreases blood sugar levels after a meal, while Glucagon increases blood sugar levels between meals.

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?

Type 1 produces little or no insulin, while Type 2 is characterized by becoming resistant to insulin.

What is the functional difference between Sertoli cells and Leydig cells?

Sertoli cells support sperm production, while Leydig cells produce testosterone.