Neuropsychology 306 - Roberts

What did Galileo do?

Shifted the positioning planet ideology since he pursued the evidence factors

What is the Neuron Doctrine?

This is the understanding that the nervous system is composed of individual small synapses

Is dualism accepted or rejected?

Rejected

What is Empiricism?

This is the ideology that knowledge is gained through experiences

What works in Darwin’s favor?

The earth is old, people make dogs weird aka intentional breeding, Galapagos Finches (Beak patterns based on island types), and Natural Selection

What works against Darwin?

Genetics

Why can humans not get bigger brains?

Limitation is from skull and birthing canal

Homozygous

This is the two sets of genetics that are the same such as PP & pp

Heterozygous

The one set of genetics that are Pp

Dominant Genes

These are genes that are the ones that trump over the recessive genes [PP]

Recessive Genes

These are the genes that need to be paired with another recessive gene to be shown [pp]

Phenotype

The observed form of genes such as hair & eye color

Genotype

The non-observed form of genes such as metabolic rate (Genetics)

Why is the nucleus important?

They contain DNA

What is Mitosis?

This is the separation of identical nuclei (Daughter Cells)

What is Meiosis?

This is the division of cells done in reproduction (Sperm & Eggs)

What is Transcription?

This is the process in which the body makes messenger RNA (MRNA)

What is Translation?

Translation is the process of making proteins (this is how humans work)

What is Epigenetics?

Epigenetics is the winding and unwinding of your DNA

What is a cell membrane?

This is essentially the outer layer of a cell such as a phospholipid bilayer

What is a Passive Transport?

This is when no energy is needed [High —> Low]

What is Active Transport

It needs energy due to it going from [Low —> High]

What is simple diffusion?

This is when small molecules pass through the lipid bilayer

What causes an ion to be electrically charged?

The ion would need to lose or gain an electron from another ion that does not have a full outer-shell.

What are the steps to the sodium potassium pump?

1. Na + binds to the pump

2. ATP is created

3. Na+ is added to the pump and you burn ATP into ADP

4. K+ binds to the pump (3) Na+ gets efluxed

5. The molecule changes shape and 2 K+ enters the cell

6. Phosphate (Pi) falls off and the cell influxes 2 K+

7. The pump resets and continues

What is the purpose of the Na+ K+ Pump?

To create concentration gradient

What is Endocytosis

This is the process that brings molecules and cells into eukaryotic cells

Exocytosis

Material in vesticles is expelled from the cell

Gs Signaling (Stimulant/Bear Attack)

1. Ligand Binds to the effector

Gi Signaling (Inhibitory/Beer Attack)

Gq/11

Where is voltage gated ion channels located?

Voltage gated ion channels are located @ the Axon Hillock

Where are leak channels located?

Leak Channels are located everywhere

Where are Ligand Gated Ion Channels located?

Ligand gated ion channels are located in the dendrites

What is a diffusional force?

This is a chemical process where things go from high to low

What is electrical force?

This is the idea that positives love negatives and hate positives

What is resting membrane potential?

This is the potential a cell sits at due to leak channels (-60mV)

Why is the resting membrane potential negative?

There is more K+ leak channels and K+ strives to be at -90mV

Why is a neuron negative?

1. K+ leak channels

2. Na+ K+ Pump

3. DNA is more negative (Negatively charged)

What are the steps of an Action Potential?

1. The presynaptic neuron fires an action potential\

2. The presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters

3. The neurotransmitters bind to the ligand gated ion channels

4. Sodium/Positive charge enters causing the charge to go up from resting (-60mV)

5. Positive charge moves into the axon hillock

6. Sodium activation gate will open/ sodium will flood into the cell trying to make its potential (50mV)

7. The inactivation gate for Na+ will close

8. The activation gate for K+ will open]

9. K+ will flood out to attempt to make the cell (-90mV)

10. The cell will have a chain reaction go down the axon hillock (conduction)