TOA 1

Architecture

The art and science of designing and constructing buildings

utilitas,firmitas,venustas

three requirement of architecture

Point
Line
Plane
Volume

Primary Elements

Point

A location in space.

Line

A point extended
is a critical element in the formation of any visual construction

Straight Line

is sturdy. it is masculine & belongs to architecture with a determined mission to fulfill.

Vertical line

expresses the spirit of the gothic

it is proud & exalted

it is inspiration -can express a state of equilibrium with the force of gravity, symbolize the human condition, or mark a position in space

Diagonal line

symbolizes the flight of geese

it is vigorous or even angry, it is action.

Curved Line

is more subtle than the straight. It
is more graceful & sensitive. It is feminine &
represents that architecture which caters to the
emotional rather than the physical.

oblique line

may be seen as a vertical
line falling or a horizontal line rising

Vertical elements

have been used throughout
history to commemorate significant events and
establish particular points in space

Vertical linear elements

can also define a
transparent volume of space, as in the example
above, the four minarets outline a spatial field
which the dome of Hagia Sophia rises in
splendor

Plane

A line extended in a direction other than its
intrinsic direction
Conceptually has length and width but no
depth

Overhead Plane

can be either the roof plane that shelters the interior spaces of a building from the climatic elements, or the ceiling that forms the upper enclosing surface of the room.

Wall Plane

is active in our normal field of vision and vital to the shaping and enclosure of architectural space.

Base Plane

can either be ground plane that serves as the physical foundation and visual base for building forms, or the floor plane that forms the lower enclosing surface of a room upon which we walk.

Volume

a plane extended in a direction other than its intrinsic direction becomes a volume

circle

a series of points arranged equally
and balanced about a point

triangle

a plane bounded by three sides,
and having three angles

square

a plane figure having four equal
sides and four right angles

Platonic Solids

primary shapes can be extended or
rotated to generate volumes whose forms
are distinct, regular and easily recognizable.

Texture

quality of surface treatment
usually associated with materials either
rough or smooth, etc.

Tone

light & shade caused by
openings, projections, etc

Form

is the primary identifying characteristic
of a volume,
It is determined by the shape and
interrelationships of the planes that describe
the boundaries of the volume.

Shape

The principal identifying characteristic of form,

results from the specific configuration of a form's surface and edges.

Size

The real dimensions of form, its length, width and depth while these dimension determine the proportions of a from, its scale is determined by its ___ relative to other forms in its context.

Color

The hue, intensity and total value of form's surface

is the attribute that most clearly distinguishes a form from its environment. It also affects the visual weight of a form.

Position

A form's location relative to its
environment or visual field.

Orientation

A form's position relative to
the ground plane, the compass points or to
the person viewing the form.

Visual Inertia

the degree of concentration and stability of a form, it ______ form depends on its geometry as well as its orientation relative to the ground plane and our line of sight.

Dimensional Transformation

a form can
be transformed into one or more of its
dimensions and still retain its family identify.

Subtractive Transformation

a form can
be transformed by subtracting a portion of its
volume.

Additive Transformation

a form can be
transformed by the addition of element to its
volume.

Centralized forms

consists of number of
secondary forms clustered about dominant,
central, or parent form.

Linear forms

consist of forms arranged
sequentially in a row.

Radial forms

are compositions of linear
forms that extend out from a central form in
a radial manner.

Clustered forms

consist of forms that are
grouped together by proximity or the sharing
of a common visual trait.

Grid forms

are modular forms whose relationships are regulated by three-
dimensional grids.

Articulation of form

This refer to the manner in which the surface of a form come together to define its shape and volume.

proportion

is largely a matter of
relationships.
It is evident by a comparison, which the eye
makes between the size, shape and tone of
the various objects or parts of a
composition.

Relative proportion
Absolute proportion

Types of proportion:

Relative proportion

parts of the object as it is

Absolute proportion

parts of the object or
the whole to the various parts

The Golden Section

ratio which provided a visually pleasing appearance in art & architecture

Le Modulor

A proportioning system developed by the French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier

Scale

Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface.

Circulation

movement through space
Can be conceived as the perceptual thread
that links the exterior/interior spaces of a
structure

Balance

It is the foundation upon which arrangement,
harmony and adjustment of weights, tones,
values, etc. are developed.

symmetrical

The easiest and simplest kind
of balance is the purely symmetrical type in
which the elements are arranged in precisely the
same manner on either side of a central axis or
line.

Formal Balance

is a type of balance
which approach absolute symmetry but
which lacks some of the essentials of this
kind of composition.

unsymmetrical

A
more subtle and elusive and is more difficult to
attain.It attempts to satisfy the eye without any effort to
place equal masses at similar distances from the
center of the composition.

Elevation

Space displaced by the mass of a building

Floor Plan

Space defined by wall, floor and ceiling

Architecture

Latin: architectura, from the Greek άρχιτέκτων arkhitekton

Chief builder/carpenter/mason

Linear Elements

Express movement across space

Linear members

form a three-dimensional structural frame for architectural space

AXIS

a regulating line established by two distant points in space and about which elements are symmetrically arranged

VOLUME

\-A plane extended in a direction other than its intrinsic direction becomes a _________  \n -has three dimensions: length, width and depth

Points or vertices

where several planes come together

Planes or surfaces

which define the limits or boundaries of a volume

Lines or edges

where two planes meet