Monarchical States- Napoleon

AP EURO REVIEW: PEOPLE

Louis XIV

"Sun King," he believed in divine right and was a devout catholic. He feared the nobility and was successful in collaborating with them to enhance both aristocratic prestige and royal power. He made the court of Versailles a fixed institution to use it to preserve royal power and the center of French Absolutism.

Cardinal Mazarin

(1602-1661), Successor of Cardinal Richelieu and his bad attempts to increase royal revenue and the state lead to the Fronde; ran the government while Louis VIII was still a child

William of Orange

1572-1584 - Leader of the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands. Leading a revolt against Spanish rule in the Netherlands, he briefly succeeded in uniting the Catholic south and Protestant northern provinces.

James I

Stuart, James VI of Scotland, Shakespeare wrote the Scottish play for him, family believed in divine right of the King, King James bible (1611) dies in 1625, homosexual

Charles I

James I son, Marries Henrietta Maria (Daughter of Henry IV...edict of Nantes guy), divine right= fight with Parliament over who controls money, Petition of Right (like Magna Carta)

Oliver Cromwell

reorganization of Parliamentary army (Roundheads), military dictatorship, led victory in English war, dissolved monarchy, Commonwealth (Puritan Republic)

Charles II

\-son of Charles I, Anglican \n -has Catholic sympathies, marries French Catholic \n -Restoration period \n -Merry Monarch: wants ppl to have a good time, he wants to have a good time \n -wants people to forget the Puritans

James II

Succeeded brother Charles II to throne (1685). Very open about Catholicism/religious tolerance toward Catholicism, assertion of royal power, and support of concept of divine right.

Rembrandt van Rijn

• 1606-1669 \n • Greatest Dutch artist of the seventeenth century \n • Interested by human character, emotion, and self-revelation \n • Painted portraits of wealthy middle class merchants \n • Painted The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp in 1632 \n • Drew human bodies through dissections which gave us a better understanding of the human anatomy

Thomas Aquinas

A medieval theologian who mixed Aristotelian philosophy with Christian beliefs, believing that the earth was a fixed, motionless planet, with the sun, moon, and five planets being moved in perfect circles around the earth by angels, who lived in the heavens beyond the planets.

Nicolas Copernicus

A clerical astronomer who believed that the sun was the center of the universe, with all the planets and stars rotating around it. He published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres in 1543, the year of his death, in fear of ridicule from other astronomers.

Isaac Newton

An English genius who was fascinated by alchemy, and highly religious, and over his life, and when returning his attention to physics in 1684, proposed the core laws of physics, his most famous being the law of universal gravitation.

Galileo Galilei

A Florentine nobleman who became fascinated by mathematics, and conducted many controlled experiments to prove that a uniform force (gravity) produced a uniform acceleration. He discovered the four moons of jupiter, and upon writing Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World, was forced to recant, and apologize for his beliefs, or be tortured.

Francis Bacon

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An English politician and writer who rejected Aristotelian and medieval ideas, stating that new knowledge had to be pursued through empirical experimental reasoning, rather than speculation

Rene Descartes

A French philosopher who believed that one should doubt everything that can be reasonably be doubted, and revolutionized mathematics by coming up with the idea that geometry and algebra are directly related, and can be expressed in the means of the other.

Blaise Pascal

A French mathematician who refused dogmatism and skepticism, and allied with the Jansenists. He believed that it was better to believe in God than to not because if one didn't believe in God and God actually existed, one would be condemned to Hell

Thomas Hobbes, *Leviathan*

no capacity for self gov. don’t question gov. gov must have secular exponent of absolutism

John Locke

A philosopher who believed that humans were naturally good, advocating these ideas in his essay, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, and believed that everyone had natural rights, and that if the government doesn't protect them, people have the right to overthrow the government. He believed in tabula rasa, the idea that your mind is a blank slate and experiences shape your knowledge.

Immanuel Kent

A prussian philosopher who published a pamphlet called, What is Enlightenment?, encouraging people to use their own understanding.

Voltaire, *Candide*

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A french philosopher who popularized the English methods of science and thinking, portrayed Louis XIV as a dignified leader of his age.

Adam Smith, *Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nation*

a Scottish economist who wrote Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations who believed economic liberty was the foundation of natural economic system. He attacked England's mercantile system because he believed if hindered the expansion of wealth and production. According to Smith the best way to encourage growth was to let individuals pursue their own selfish economic life known as laissez-faire economic policy. For him the government's role in the economy should be limited to such activities as providing armies, navies, roads, and schools.

Jean-Jacques Rosseau, *The Social Contract*

A french philosopher who attacked rationalism and the corruptions of civilization.

Baron de Montesquieu, *Persian Letters*

Noble of the robe,as well as a member of parliament. Wrote "Spirit of the Laws" which discussed and advocated separation of powers.

Denis Diderot, *Encyclopedie*

The writer of the encyclopedia, which encouraged people to look at things in a specific way, therefore, it was bias,

David Hume

A leader in the Scottish enlightenment who was a religious skeptic, arguing that the mind is but a bundle of impressions.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Attacked Rousseau in "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" claiming that women were the victims of men's tyranny.

Catherine the Great

The russian enlightened monarch who continued the reforms of peter the great by encouraging westernization.

Joseph II of Austria

The successor of Maria Theresa in Austria who granted religious toleration to jews and protestants, and abolished serfdom.

Frederick I

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was the son and successor of Frederick I who disliked the French and got rid of most of its luxury and used the saved money to strengthen Prussia by doubling the size of its army and making it the most efficient fighting force in Europe. He also created an efficient government bureaucracy and encouraged trade and the development of new industries. He required that all parents send their children to school.

Frederick the Great of Prussia

The ruler of prussia who built on the reforms of his father in an enlightened manner by making territorial advances, and encouraging enlightened thinking.

Ivan the Terrible

was Ivan IV and the grandson of Ivan III. He began as a successful leader, adding lands to Russia. He introduced to the country a code of laws. After his wife died, he began to rule harshly. For example, he used secret police to hunt down opponents and kill them. He was the first to assume the title Czar of Russia.

Peter the Great

was a Russian tsar. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Edmund Burke

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Maintained that society was a contract and the state was a partnership that no generation has the right to destroy and each generation has the duty to preserve and transmit it to the next.

Louis XV

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grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, more concerned with mistresses than matters of the state...eventually, he took action to defend his absolutist inheritance after Parliament objection. "The magistrates are my officers...In my person only does the sovereign power rest." Louis XV really enjoyed the lavish lifestyle that came to him upon becoming king. Instated the Parliament, but later dissolved it due to their opposing his absolutist style.

Louis XVI

king of France from 1774 to 1792, 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Olympe de Gouges, *The Right of Women*

'The Rights of Women' french journalist who demanded equal rights for women

Robespierre

"The incorruptible;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue.

Napoleon Bonaparte

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a French military and political leader during the latter stages of the French Revolution. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars. He established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while consolidating an imperial monarchy which restored aspects of the deposed ancien régime. Due to his success in these wars, often against numerically superior enemies, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time.

Prince Metternich

(1773-1859) was a German-born Austrian politician and statesman \n most important diplomats of his era. He served as the Foreign Minister of the Holy Roman Empire and its successor state, \n the Austrian Empire, from 1809 until the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation. One of his first tasks was to \n engineer a détente with France that included the marriage of Napoleon to the Austrian Arch-Duchess Marie Louise. Soon after, however, he would be the foreign minister who engineered Austria's entry into the War of the Sixth Coalition on the Allied side, signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau that sent Napoleon into exile and led the Austrian delegation at the Congress of Vienna which divided post-Napoleonic Europe between the major powers.