Unit 3 - 4 Vocabulary AP World History (Some words)

Quiz for apwh for some words in unit 3 - 4

Gunpowder Empires

Gunpowder Empires

Empires such as the Ottomans, Mughals, Safavids, and Qing China were known for their early use of gunpowder armies and weapons.

Shah

to the title given to the monarch or king of Iran

Ivan IV (Russia)

First Tsar of Russia, known for centralization of power and territorial expansion

Ismal (Safavid Empire)

Founder of the Safavid dynasty, established Shia Islam as state religion

Akbar ( Mughal Empire)

Notable Mughal emperor known for religious tolerance and administrative reforms

Divine Right of Kings

A belief system where rulers claim their authority to govern directly from a higher power, such as the French Empire's Divine Right of Kings

Absolute

Unrestricted power held by a single ruler

Louis XIV

monarch, symbolizing absolute rule and luxury

Romanov Dynasty

Ruling family in Russia from 1613 to 1917

Peter I

Tsar modernizing and expanding Russia

Devshirme

A system in the Ottoman Empire where young Christian boys were taken, converted to Islam, and trained to serve the state, particularly in the military.

Janissaries

elite soldiers loyal to the Ottoman sultan

Tributes

A system in which foreign countries paid tribute to the Chinese emperor as a sign of submission and to maintain peaceful relations, common in East Asia during various dynasties.

Versailles

Lavish palace in France, built by Louis XIV, used for military demonstrations and as a symbol of royal power

Boyars

Noble class owning land in Russia

Serf

a laborer bound to land and master

Henry VII

English king known for his six marriages and the English Reformation

Spanish Armada

Failed naval invasion of England by Spain in 1588

Indulgences

Payments for the remission of sins in the Catholic Church

Martin Luther

German monk whose actions sparked the Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement challenging the authority and practices of the Catholic Church

Anglican Church

Protestant church formed in England, led by the monarch

Sikhism

Religion founded in the 15th century in Punjab, combining Hindu and Islamic elements

Empiricism

Philosophical approach emphasizing knowledge through sensory experience.

Primogeniture Laws

law in Europe that required estates to be passed down to the eldest son

Cartography

mapmaking

Astronomical Chart

a map of stars that improved navigation

Maritime Empires

Empires such as the British, Spanish, and Portuguese Empires that gained power and wealth through overseas trade, colonies, and control of trade routes on the seas.

Trading Post Empire

Empires like the Portuguese and Dutch that established trading posts in regions without asserting direct control over land.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Bartholomew

sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 into unknown waters, then returned home for fear of a mutiny

Vasco Da Gama

landed in India in 1498 and claimed territory for Portugal's empire

Ferdinand Magellan

 Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world

Northwest passage

a route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia and the trade there

Jacques Cartier

French explorer who sailed from the Atlantic Ocean into the St. Lawrence River and claimed part of Canada for France in 1535

Samuel de Champlain

French navigator known as "The Father of New France" who founded New France and Quebec City

John Cabot

sailed for England in hopes of finding a northwest passage in 1497

Henry Hudson

Dutch explorer that sailed up the Hudson River in search of a northwest passage in 1609

Quebec

French trading post established in 1608

New France

French colony in North America along the St. Lawrence

Jamestown

English colony in Virginia that was England's first successful colony in the Americas

Maize

also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico

Cacao

refers to the tropical tree "Theobroma cacao," whose seeds (cacao beans) are used to produce cocoa, the primary ingredient in chocolate; highly valued in Mesoamerica

Okra

a food item that represents the transatlantic slave trade and the cultural continuity of enslaved Africans in the Americas (like gumbo)

Rice

staple food crop, particularly in Asia but also worldwide

Sugarcane

refers to a tropical plant that was a key cash crop during the Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods, people, ideas, and diseases between the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) and the New World (the Americas) following Christopher Columbus' voyage in 1492.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

The trade of African slaves to the Americas, primarily for labor on plantations, which significantly impacted the demographics and cultures of the Americas.

Atahualpa

the last emperor of the Inca Empire, ruling until his capture and execution by Spanish conquistadors

Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty signed in 1494 between Spain and Portugal dividing the lands of the Americas between them, influencing the languages and cultures of the regions

Hispaniola

name Columbus gave to the island that is now Haiti and the Dominican Republic

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers who conquered parts of the Americas in the 16th century

Indentured Servitude

a migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years

Chattel Slavery

a system where individuals were considered property to be bought and sold

Encomienda

A labor system established by the Spanish in the Americas, forcing Native Americans to work on plantations in exchange for food and shelter, similar to feudalism.

Encomenderos

Spanish colonizers under the encomienda system

Coercive Labor System

a system where people are forced to work against their will, often through threats, violence, or extreme debt, receiving little to no compensation for their labor (i.e. chattel slavery, serfdom)

Hacienda system

a large landed estate system prevalent in colonial Latin America, where vast agricultural properties relied heavily on the labor of indigenous populations and sometimes enslaved Africans

Mit’a system

a labor tribute system used by the Inca Empire, where communities were required to provide a certain number of workers for public projects (agricultural production, mining, and construction); form of tax through labor contribution instead of currency

Middle Passage

 the part of the Atlantic Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas

Joint-stock Companies

businesses that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks and profits among many investors

Dutch East India Company

 A mercantile company chartered by the Dutch to conduct trade missions throughout the East Indies

Triangular Trade

The consistent trade route between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involves the exchange of goods, slaves, and cash crops.

Syncretism

 the combining of different religious practices and beliefs

Polygyny

 the practice of a man having multiple wives simultaneously

William III of Orange

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702, Dutch stadtholder (1672-1702), and prince of Orange

Mary II

queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689–94) and wife of King William III

Pequot

 Native American tribe originally located in present-day Connecticut, known for their significant role in early colonial history, especially during the Pequot War

Pugachev Rebellion

Cossack, who began a peasant rebellion against Catherine the Great in 1774 for giving the nobility power over the serfs on their lands in exchange for political loyalty

Pueblo Revolt

The successful rebellion of the Pueblo community against Spanish conquest in present-day New Mexico in 1680, leading to a temporary retreat of the Spanish forces

Maroon Wars

slaves in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas fought to gain freedom

Akbar the Great

Mughal emperor known for his religious tolerance and administrative reforms during the 16th century.

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China, known for its territorial expansion and cultural achievements.

Manchu

The ethnic group that ruled China during the Qing Dynasty, originating from Manchuria.

Louis XIV

King of France known for his absolute monarchy and the phrase "L'état, c'est moi" (I am the state). He reigned from 1643 to 1715 and is associated with the construction of the Palace of Versailles.

Ivan IV

also known as Ivan the Terrible, was the first Tsar of Russia. His reign was marked by the centralization of power and territorial expansion, as well as modernizing Russia

Harem

a domestic space reserved for the women of a polygamous family, often associated with Muslim cultures

Boyar

A Russian noble, often serving as a landowner or advisor to the Tsar, particularly during the medieval period.

Serf

A peasant bound to the land and under the control of a landowner, often working in exchange for protection and a small plot to cultivate.