Module 1- Biology Test

Bio 117

Adaptation and Evolution

Organisms must be able to adapt to their environment
These adaptations can be a result of changes in DNA called mutations
-When mutation arises it changes the genes in the organism which could result in the organism being able to adapt to their environment better.
Mutations can contribute to or take away from the ability to adapt to environmental pressures
Over time, organisms that contain mutations that increase their ability to survive have a greater reproductive success. This is known as natural selection.

Atom

smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. Consists of nucleus surrounded by electrons

Biodiversity

-refers to the variety of life and its processes
-variety among different living organisms
-variety within population

Biology

Study of living organism

Biosphere

collection of all ecosystems, represents the zones of life on earth (includes land, water, and atmosphere to a certain extent)

Cell

All living things are made of cells, the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.

Community

the sum of populations inhabiting a particular area(flowers,trees, insects)

Compare prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes:
Nucleoid (no nucleus)
no membrane-bound organelles
Cell wall
some prokaryotes have flagella or pili (helps cell interact and move)
Dna is found in the middle (nucleoid)
DNA is circular

Eukaryotes
typically larger than prokaryotic cell
True nucleus (DNA is surrounded by a membrane)
membrane-bound organelles
Plant and animal cells
Linear DNA structure

Dependent variable

variable that value depends on another

Domain

Least specific Taxonomy

Ecosystem

consists of all living things in a particular area (abiotic, non-living parts: Nitrogen in the soil or rain water)

Ecosystem diversity

Describes differences in functional units of communities in the environment, broadest form of diversity

Energy Processing

All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities
Photosynthesis- converts sunlight to energy
Cellular respiration- converts carbon into energy

Eukaryote

single or multi-celled contain membrane bound organelles

Genetic Diversity

describes trait differences among individuals in a population, most precise

Growth

Organisms grow and develop following instructions coded by their genes
Variation arises due to changes in genetic code.
Proteins/ DNA decides what we are and how we grow

Homeostasis

self-regulation process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to conditions

Hypothesis

Forming hypothesis- must be testable

identify different branches of biology

Independent variable

stand alone variable is not affected by other measurements being made

Macromolecule

large organic molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. typically formed by polymerization. (DNA would be an example of a macromolecule)

Molecule

chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds

Negative Control

a control group that is not exposed to the experimental treatment or to any other treatment that is expected to have an effect.

Order

Organisms are highly organized
Organisms \> Systems \> Tissues \> Cells \> Organelles \> Macromolecules \> Atoms \> Protons, neutrons, electrons \> quarks
Systems- easiest seen out of group

Organelle

cells that contain aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes (examples would be mitochondria & chlorplasts)

Organisms

plant, animal, cell

organize biological systems from specific to broad and vice versa

Organisms \> Systems \> Tissues \> Cells \> Organelles \> Macromolecules \> Atoms \> Protons, neutrons, electrons \> quarks

Organs

made of tissues, part of the body that performs a specific function

Organs Systems

made of a group of organs in the mode. Works together to perform a certain function in the organisms body

phylogenetic trees

\-show the relationship of the three domains of life- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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Phylogeny

describes how related an organism is compared to other

Population

all individuals of a species living within a specific area

Positive Control

a control group that is not exposed to the experimental treatment but that is exposed to some other treatment that is known to produce the expected effect.

Principles of life (8)

\-Order

* response to environment
* -reproduction
* -growth and development
* -sensitivity
* -homeostasis
* -energy processing
* -adaptation and evolution

Prokaryote

single celled - celled organisms that lack membrane bound organelles

Regulation & Homeostasis

-Organisms have regulatory mechanisms to cope with environmental stresses. Allows organisms internal system to maintain a steady state- Homeostasis
-Regulation responses to environmental stimuli can allow life to thrive in even the most extreme conditions

Reproduction

Simple organisms typically reproduce asexually
More complex organisms reproduce sexually
Reproduction can give rise to variation in traits (usually in Sexual reproduction)

Sensitivity

-organisms respond to diverse stimuli
- organisms can respond to their environment through their senses.
-almost all living things have the sense of smelling

Species Diversity

Describes differences among species in a community, one level broader that genetic diversity

Taxon

Most specific Taxonomy

Taxonomy

science of classifying organisms

Taxonomy order

Broadest: Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Most specific: Species

taxons in order from broadest to most specific and vice versa

Broadest: Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Most specific: Species

the process of scientific inquiry

Forming hypothesis- must be testable
Experimental design- consider sample size & selection, how to avoid bias
Experimental Variables- Determine the independent and dependent variables, what variables control the experiment
Interpreting Results- Gather data by measuring the dependent variable then assess whether the results are statistically significant.

Tissues

a group of cells that forms organs

Both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes have?

DNA, Ribosomes, cell Membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall

Ribosomes does what

synthesize proteins

2 types of Phylegony trees

Rooted- based on a common ancestor

Unrooted- not stemming from a single common ancestor