Adaptation and Evolution
Organisms must be able to adapt to their environment These adaptations can be a result of changes in DNA called mutations -When mutation arises it changes the genes in the organism which could result in the organism being able to adapt to their environment better. Mutations can contribute to or take away from the ability to adapt to environmental pressures Over time, organisms that contain mutations that increase their ability to survive have a greater reproductive success. This is known as natural selection.
Atom
smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. Consists of nucleus surrounded by electrons
Biodiversity
-refers to the variety of life and its processes -variety among different living organisms -variety within population
Biology
Study of living organism
Biosphere
collection of all ecosystems, represents the zones of life on earth (includes land, water, and atmosphere to a certain extent)
Cell
All living things are made of cells, the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.
Community
the sum of populations inhabiting a particular area(flowers,trees, insects)
Compare prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes: Nucleoid (no nucleus) no membrane-bound organelles Cell wall some prokaryotes have flagella or pili (helps cell interact and move) Dna is found in the middle (nucleoid) DNA is circular
Eukaryotes typically larger than prokaryotic cell True nucleus (DNA is surrounded by a membrane) membrane-bound organelles Plant and animal cells Linear DNA structure
Dependent variable
variable that value depends on another
Domain
Least specific Taxonomy
Ecosystem
consists of all living things in a particular area (abiotic, non-living parts: Nitrogen in the soil or rain water)
Ecosystem diversity
Describes differences in functional units of communities in the environment, broadest form of diversity
Energy Processing
All organisms use a source of energy for their metabolic activities Photosynthesis- converts sunlight to energy Cellular respiration- converts carbon into energy
Eukaryote
single or multi-celled contain membrane bound organelles
Genetic Diversity
describes trait differences among individuals in a population, most precise
Growth
Organisms grow and develop following instructions coded by their genes Variation arises due to changes in genetic code. Proteins/ DNA decides what we are and how we grow
Homeostasis
self-regulation process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to conditions
Hypothesis
Forming hypothesis- must be testable
identify different branches of biology
Independent variable
stand alone variable is not affected by other measurements being made
Macromolecule
large organic molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. typically formed by polymerization. (DNA would be an example of a macromolecule)
Molecule
chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds
Negative Control
a control group that is not exposed to the experimental treatment or to any other treatment that is expected to have an effect.
Order
Organisms are highly organized Organisms > Systems > Tissues > Cells > Organelles > Macromolecules > Atoms > Protons, neutrons, electrons > quarks Systems- easiest seen out of group
Organelle
cells that contain aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes (examples would be mitochondria & chlorplasts)
Organisms
plant, animal, cell
organize biological systems from specific to broad and vice versa
Organisms > Systems > Tissues > Cells > Organelles > Macromolecules > Atoms > Protons, neutrons, electrons > quarks
Organs
made of tissues, part of the body that performs a specific function
Organs Systems
made of a group of organs in the mode. Works together to perform a certain function in the organisms body
phylogenetic trees
-show the relationship of the three domains of life- Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Phylogeny
describes how related an organism is compared to other
Population
all individuals of a species living within a specific area
Positive Control
a control group that is not exposed to the experimental treatment but that is exposed to some other treatment that is known to produce the expected effect.
Principles of life (8)
-Order
response to environment
-reproduction
-growth and development
-sensitivity
-homeostasis
-energy processing
-adaptation and evolution
Prokaryote
single celled - celled organisms that lack membrane bound organelles
Regulation & Homeostasis
-Organisms have regulatory mechanisms to cope with environmental stresses. Allows organisms internal system to maintain a steady state- Homeostasis -Regulation responses to environmental stimuli can allow life to thrive in even the most extreme conditions
Reproduction
Simple organisms typically reproduce asexually More complex organisms reproduce sexually Reproduction can give rise to variation in traits (usually in Sexual reproduction)
Sensitivity
-organisms respond to diverse stimuli
organisms can respond to their environment through their senses. -almost all living things have the sense of smelling
Species Diversity
Describes differences among species in a community, one level broader that genetic diversity
Taxon
Most specific Taxonomy
Taxonomy
science of classifying organisms
Taxonomy order
Broadest: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Most specific: Species
taxons in order from broadest to most specific and vice versa
Broadest: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Most specific: Species
the process of scientific inquiry
Forming hypothesis- must be testable Experimental design- consider sample size & selection, how to avoid bias Experimental Variables- Determine the independent and dependent variables, what variables control the experiment Interpreting Results- Gather data by measuring the dependent variable then assess whether the results are statistically significant.
Tissues
a group of cells that forms organs
Both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes have?
DNA, Ribosomes, cell Membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall
Ribosomes does what
synthesize proteins
2 types of Phylegony trees
Rooted- based on a common ancestor
Unrooted- not stemming from a single common ancestor