bio chapter 5

slides, book chapter, clas

macromolecules

large carbs/proteins/nucleic acids

polymers

long molecule consisting of identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

monomers

repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer

enzymes

macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

condensation reaction

connects monomer to another monomer/polymer, two molecules are covalently bonded with loss of molecule

dehydration reaction

water molecule is lost

hydrolysis

polymers disassembled to monomers, reverse of dehydration reaction

carbohydrates

sugars, polymers of sugars (ex: monosaccharides)

disaccharides

double sugars, two monosaccharides joined by covalent bond

carbohydrate macromolecules

polymers called polysaccharides

polysaccharide

sugar building blocks

monosaccharides

single sugar

glucose

most common monosaccharide

aldose

aldehyde sugar

ketose

ketone sugar

hexoses

six carbons

friezes

three carbon sugars

pentoses

five carbon sugars

asymmetric carbons

carbon attached to four different atoms/groups of atoms

disaccharide

two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

glycosidic linkages

covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

maltose

disaccharide formed by linking of two molecules of glucose , malt sugar

sucrose

table salt

lactase

enzyme that breaks down lactose

polysaccharides

macromolecules, polymers with monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages, store material and building material

starch

polymers of glucose monomers, enables stockpile glucose

glycogen

releases glucose when in need of energy

cellulose

major component of walls around plant cells

microfibrils

cellulose molecules in groups

β linkage

bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group

chintin

structural polysaccharide, used by bugs to make exoskeleton

fats, phospholipids, steroids

types of lipids

fats

assembled by dehydration reactions, consist of glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids

glycerol

three carbons bears a hydroxyl group

fatty acid

long carbon skeleton

fat

joined to glycerol by dehydration reaction, three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule (energy stored)

saturated fatty acids

saturated with fatty acids, carbons not double bonded

unsaturated fatty acids

one or more double bonds between carbons, fewer hydrogen atoms than carbon

cis double bond

creates a kink in the hydrocarbon chain, stops the molecules from solidifying

phospholipid

part of cell membrane, has only two fatty acids attached to glycerol

hydrogenated vegetable oils

unsaturated fats have been synthetically converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen to solidify

hydrocarbon tails

hydrophobic (water hating)

hydrophilic head

loves water

bilayer

double layered sheet that protects the hydrophobic tails, layer between cell and environment

steroids

lipids with carbon skeleton, four fused rings

cholesterol

type of steroid, component of animal cell membrane, synthesized by liver, enters body thru diet

catalysts

chemical agent that speeds up chemical reaction with out being consumed in reaction

enzyme

work horse of cell

peptide bond

proteins constructed from AA linked by polymers

protein

molecule made up of one or more polypeptides, folding/coiling into specific 3D shape

amino acids

organic molecule with both amino group and carboxyl group

α carbon

center of amino acids, asymmetric carbon

R group

(side chains) determines characteristics and function of amino acids

dehydration reaction

remove water molecule

polypeptide

polymer of many AA linked by peptide bonds, how it folds tells chemical characteristics

folding

formation of bonds on chain

globular proteins

spherical

fibrous proteins

long

primary

secondary

tertiary

quaternary

levels of protein structure

primary structure

linear chain of AA, (like long word) determined by inherited genetic material,

secondary structure

polypeptide chain solid/folded, hydrogen bonds

α helix

coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid

beta pleated sheet

two or more segments of polypeptide chain lying side by side and connected by hydrogen bonds

tertiary structure

over all shape of polypeptide resulting from interactions of side chains, 3D shape of polypeptide

hydrophobic interaction

polypeptide folds, amino acids with hydrophobic (non polar) side chains at core of protein (away from water)

hydrogen bonds

between polar side chains and ionic bonds between positive and negative charged side chains to stabilize structure

disulfide bridges

reinforce shoe of protein, two cysteine monomers brought together by folding of protein

quaternary structure

protein structure that results from polypeptide subunits, overall protein structure

hemoglobin

oxygen binding protein of red blood cells, four polypeptide subunits

heme

atoms that can bind oxygen

sickle cell disease

inherited blood disorder, clogs blood flow ehe amino acid sequence is messed up and is too large

denaturation

cause protein to unravel and loose shape, protein becomes inactive

x ray crystallography

method to determine 3D structure of protein

gene

amino acid sequence of polypeptide from inheritance

nucleic acids

polymers made of monomers

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

enable living organisms to reproduce their complete components form one gene to next

gene expression

DNA directs RNA synthesis, controls protein synthesis

messenger RNA

interacts with cell’s protein synthesizing machinery to direct reproduction of polypeptide

ribosomes

in cytoplasm, region between nucleus and cells outer boundary

polynucleotides

nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers

5 carbon sugar (pentose)

nitrogen base

1-3 phosphate group

three nucleotides

nucleoside

portion of nucleotide with out phosphate groups

nitrogenous base

1-3 rings that include nitrogen atoms

pyrimidine

one of six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

cytosine, thymine, uracil

members of pyrimidine family

purines

larger, six membraned rings fused to five membered ring

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

found in DNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

found in RNA

deoxyribose

sugar in DNA

ribose

sugar in RNA

polynucleotide

adjacent nucleotides joined by phosophodiested linkage

double helix

two polynucleotides or strands that wind around imaginary axis

antiparallel

two sugar phosphate backbones run 5’-3’ directions

tRNA

brings amino acids to ribosome during synthesis of polypeptide, base pairing between nucleotides when complementary stretches of molecule run antiparallel

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins nucleic acids

four main classes of large macromolecules

synthesis

condensation reaction, water removed from functional group

hydrolysis reaction

water is added

carbohydrates

serve as fuel, building material

monosaccharides

simplest sugar used of fuel

disaccharides

two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage