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Andrew Jackson
Considered one of the more controversial presidents in American history, known for impeaching but not being removed from office.
Gilded Age
A term describing a period marked by significant economic growth alongside social challenges and stark class disparities.
Pejorative
A term expressing contempt or disapproval.
Analysis
Examination and interpretation of significant details.
Historiography
The study of historical writing and perspectives.
Antebellum
Referring to the period before a major war, particularly the Civil War.
Postbellum
Referring to the period following a major war.
Social Darwinism
The belief that societal progress comes from the survival of the fittest individuals and groups.
Robber Barons
A pejorative for business magnates who engaged in unscrupulous practices to amass wealth.
Vertical Integration
A business strategy where a company controls multiple supply chain steps within its industry.
Horizontal Integration
A strategy where a company acquires or merges with competitors to increase market share.
Trust
A combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement to reduce competition.
Boss Tweed
A leader of Tammany Hall, known for his corrupt political tactics in New York City.
Tammany Hall
A New York City political organization known for its corruption in the late 19th century.
Populism
A political movement representing the interests of ordinary people, often against established elites.
Turner Frontier Thesis
The theory positing that American democracy was formed by the experience of westward expansion.
Knights of Labor
An early labor organization in the U.S. aimed at promoting the rights of workers.
Single Tax
A tax system proposed by Henry George that taxes property value increases while abolishing all other taxes.
Socialism
A political and economic theory advocating for collective or governmental ownership of production and distribution.
Social Gospel
A movement that emerged in the late 19th century advocating for social justice motivated by Christian ideals.
Pinkerton Detectives
A private security guard and detective agency known for its role in labor disputes.
Haymarket Affair
A labor protest in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, symbolizing issues in labor history.
Dawes Act
A 1887 law aimed at assimilating Native Americans into American society by allotting them individual parcels of land.
William Jennings Bryan
Notable for running for president four times without success and advocating for reform during the progressive era.
Immigrants’ Greeting Card
Symbolizes the struggles and hopes of poor immigrants arriving in America.
Across the Continent Painting
An artwork illustrating the transcontinental railroad, emphasizing American expansion and displacement of Native Americans.
Public Education Development
During the Gilded Age, public schooling rose significantly, but the Southern states lagged behind.
The Republican Party
Characterized as the party aligning with business interests and African American communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Captains of Industry
Business leaders like Carnegie and Rockefeller, whose actions sparked debates about their roles in society.
Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish immigrant who pioneered the steel industry and introduced vertical integration.
John Rockefeller
Founder of Standard Oil Company, known for utilizing horizontal integration.
JP Morgan
A powerful financial figure during the Gilded Age, recognized for stabilizing the economy.
Expansionism
Ideology supporting territorial or economic expansion.
American Empire
The concept of the U.S. extending its influence and control over other territories.
Populists (People's Party)
A political party that sought to represent ordinary working people and advocate for economic reforms.
Farmers' Alliance
A movement focused on farmers' interests and advocating for favorable economic policies.
AFL/Samuel Gompers
Gompers was a key figure who founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
Exodusters
African Americans who migrated to Kansas in the late 19th century seeking freedom from oppression.
Redeemers
A political coalition in the Southern U.S. in the late 19th century aiming to restore white supremacy.
Booker T. Washington
An influential educator who promoted vocational training for African Americans.
Atlanta Compromise Speech
A speech by Washington advocating for education while promoting gradual social equality.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
A Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.
Disenfranchisement
The revocation of the right to vote from a group, often through discriminatory laws.
Grandfather Clause
A legal mechanism allowing individuals to bypass literacy tests based on their ancestors' voting rights.
Lynching
The illegal execution of individuals by a mob, often used to enforce social control.
Spanish-American War
Conflict in 1898 between Spain and the U.S., resulting in significant territorial gains.
Lost Cause
A historical narrative romanticizing the Confederacy and downplaying slavery's impact.
Yellow Journalism
Exaggerated news reporting intended to provoke public emotion and influence opinion.
U.S.S. Maine
A U.S. Navy ship whose explosion in Havana Harbor sparked the Spanish-American War.
Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines
Territories annexed by America after the Spanish-American War.
Platt Amendment
Stipulation that the U.S. would withdraw from Cuba while maintaining a lease on Guantanamo Bay.
Philippine-American War
A bloodier and prolonged conflict raising questions about U.S. imperialism.
Populist and Progressive Eras
Focused on various social and political reforms aimed at addressing societal ills.
Scientific Management
An industrial shift towards efficiency and mass production, exemplified by the Moving Assembly Line.
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)
A pivotal event highlighting industrial workplace dangers leading to labor law reforms.
Muckraking Journalism
Investigative journalism aimed at exposing corruption and social injustices.
Early Twentieth Century Immigration
A sharp increase in immigration, primarily via Ellis Island, leading to ethnic enclaves.
Mass Consumption Society
The rise of consumer freedom linked to material abundance and leisure activities.
Working Women in Society
Increasingly entering the workforce, women became symbols of independence despite discrimination.
“An American Way of Life”
The rising standard of living reflecting prosperity and goods accessibility.
Socialist Presence
Rallying for economic freedom, advocating for equal education and public ownership services.
Mass Strikes
Labor unrest marked by significant strikes advocating for workers' rights.
Oregon System
Promoted direct democracy through initiatives, referendums, and recalls in progressive reforms.
Progressive Democracy
Reforms seeking to reinvigorate democracy often contradictory in outcomes.
Government by Expert
A belief in governance handled by educated professionals seen as more qualified.
Panama Canal
American intervention championed by Teddy Roosevelt reflected a shift toward assertive imperialism.
Roosevelt Corollary
An extension of the Monroe Doctrine justifying U.S. intervention in Latin American nations.
W.E.B. Du Bois
A key figure addressing racial inequality through education and activism.
NAACP
Founded to fight for enforceable civil rights for African Americans.
Great Migration
Significant movement of African Americans to the North for better opportunities.
Red Scare (1919-1920)
A period of labor unrest and paranoia following the Bolshevik Revolution.
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
A controversial trial highlighting nativism and anti-immigrant sentiments.
Equal Rights Amendment
A proposed amendment guaranteeing equal legal rights for all citizens.
Flappers
Young women in the 1920s who defied traditional gender norms through their attire and behaviors.
