Factors affecting globalisation (transport, ICT and IGOs)

Transport, ICT+communications, IGOs

How does transport affect globalisation?

Encouraged a growth in trade, the movement of goods and people is now cheaper and faster than ever.

How have jet aircrafts helped transportation?

1960s and the arrival of the Boeing 747 made international travel more common place.

Budget airlines like Easyjet have made it easier for mass movement in richer countries, travel is now much cheaper

How has containerisation helped transport?

1960s development of shipping containers, the world’s fleet of 9500 container ships can carry 18,000 twenty foot containers each.

by 1970 it was 20x cheaper to transport goods than in 1965

200 million container movements occur every year

the cost of moving an iPhone from China to the UK is less than £1 as it is so efficient

How have budget airlines (easyjet) helped globalisation?

In 2024, Easyjet PLC had grown to incorporate services in 927 routes in more than 34 countries.

2014, Easyjet brought in around £4 billion pounds in revenue

2004, Easyjet began to fly British tourists to Tallinn, Estonia, for just £40 a ticket

How has ICT and communications affected globalisation?

Provides affordable, instantaneous connection. Allows for communication across the world in real time. Social globalisation as people can communicate with others.

How has Microsoft’s (and facebook ig) Marea cable helped globalisation?

4000 mile underwater cable connecting Virginia, Bilbao and Spain.

Has a massive bandwidth of 160 terabytes a second, has a reliable constant connection.

What is the role of the World Bank (IGO)

Provides low interest loans, grants and technical assistance to developing countries.

Often works in partnership with governments, commercial banks and multilateral institutions to deliver and complete projects.

Very important in making global decisions surrounding money lending so influences the flows of money around the world.

What are the aims and achievements of the World Bank (IGO), (Philippines, members)

2014, loaned £470 million to the Philippines for poverty reduction.

Aims: to reduce the number of people living on less than $1.25 a day

Has funded over 13,500 projects, 189 member countries (referred to as shareholders)

What does the IMF do (IGO)?

They are very important in making global decisions on money lending and so influence the flows of money around the world.

Grants loans to member countries if they cannot pay their debts. Wants to secure the stability of exchange rates and international payments.

What are the aims and achievements of the IMF? (IGO) (Greece)

2008 financial crisis, helped prevent Greece from defaulting on it’s debts.

Aim: To help governments balance their payments in case of economic difficulties and to prevent them from going bankrupt.

has 189 member countries, involved in women’s rights, climate change, equality, inequality, money laundering

What does the WTO do? (IGO)

They help facilitate trade around the world allowing goods to flow more easily.

Important in increasing the flow of goods around the world.

What are the aims and achievements of the WTO? (IGO), (CHINA)

2014, persuaded China to lift export restrictions on “rare earth minerals”

WTO wants to facilitate free trade although some of its member countries do not play by the rules, eg USA still subsidises its farmers.

Aim: To cut barrier to trade by removing tariffs, subsidies and quotas

What does the New development Bank do?

Encourages development for its member countries by providing loans which help support economic growth and competitiveness.

They are important in increasing the flows of money in the developing world.

President of the bank is elected from one of the member countries every 5 years.

What are the aims and achievements of the New Development Bank (IGO)?

Aim: To fund infrastructure and sustainable development in BRICS nations and other emerging nations.

In 2016, the NDB approved 7 projects in all member states valued at $1.5 billion for renewable and green energy and transportation.