Counselling Theories, Ethics, and Practice Lecture Notes

Comprehensive flashcards covering key topics from the lecture notes, including historical milestones, theoretical models, ethics, multicultural competencies, and clinical techniques.

What four culturally sensitive core competencies were identified by Collins and Arthur?

Cultural self-awareness, awareness of client's culture, working alliance, and engaging in social justice.

What historical meeting occurred in April 1939 in Toronto that marked the beginning of the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA)?

A meeting between Bott, Humphrey, and Liddy.

Who founded the Canadian Guidance Counsellors Association (CGCA) in 1965?

Dr. Myrne B. Nevison from UBC.

How does the effectiveness of marriage counselling when both partners meet conjointly compare to working with only one spouse?

The effectiveness of marriage counselling when both partners meet conjointly with the counsellor is nearly twice that of counsellors working with just one spouse.

What client satisfaction rate is reported for marriage counselling services?

Over 97% of clients rate services from good to excellent.

How is differentiation defined in Bowen Systems Theory?

Distinguishing one's thoughts from one's emotions, and oneself from others.

In Bowen Systems Theory, what occurs when stressed or immature partners engage in triangulation?

They focus on a third party such as a child, the marriage itself, an institution, or a somatic complaint, which leads to unproductive couple interactions.

According to logotherapy in Existential theory, what are the three levels at which meaning exists?

Ultimate meanings (an order to the universe), meaning of the moment, and day to day meaning.

What are the three ways life's meaning can be discovered according to Existential theory?

By doing a deed (achieving or accomplishing something), experiencing a value (a work of nature, culture, or love), and suffering (finding a proper attitude toward unalterable fate).

What are the five birth order positions emphasized in Adlerian therapy?

Firstborn, secondborn, middle child, youngest child, and only child.

What are the three main life tasks and two additional challenges identified in Adlerian therapy?

The three main life tasks are social, work, and sexuality; the two additional challenges are spirituality and coping with self.

What is the specific technique in Adlerian therapy known as 'spitting in the soup'?

A technique used to ruin the payoff of a client's unproductive behaviour.

What are the three necessary and sufficient conditions of counselling according to Person-Centered Therapy?

Empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence (authenticity, transparency).

How does Person-Centered Therapy describe the relationship between the ideal self and the real self?

Conforming opens a gap between the ideal self (what we strive to become) and the real self; the further the ideal self is from the real self, the more maladjusted a person becomes.

What client characteristics are represented by the acronyms YAVIS, HOUND, and DUD?

YAVIS: young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, successful; HOUND: homely, old, unintelligent, nonverbal, disadvantaged; DUD: dumb, unintelligent, disadvantaged.

What percentage of counsellor influence is determined by facial expression, tone of voice, and words?

Facial expression has the greatest impact at 55%, tone of voice or vocal expression contributes 38%, and words contribute 7%.

What does the SAFE acronym represent in contract development?

Specificity, Awareness, Fairness, and Efficacy.

What are the six fundamental principles of the CCPA code of ethics?

Beneficence (best interests of the client), fidelity (integrity and honouring commitments), non-maleficence (refraining from causing harm), autonomy, justice, and societal interest (respect and responsibility toward society).

Which ethical principle takes the highest precedence, and which carries the lowest weighting under the principles of ethics?

Respect for the dignity of persons takes highest precedence (except in cases of imminent danger to physical safety), while responsibility to society carries the lowest weighting.

How is privileged communication defined in counselling?

A client's legal right, guaranteed by statute, that confidences originating in a therapeutic relationship will be safeguarded from disclosure in court without permission.

How is 'structure' defined as a key term in counselling?

A joint understanding between the counsellor and client regarding the characteristics, conditions, procedures, and parameters of counselling.

How does the Compensatory Model conceptualize client responsibility?

Clients are held responsible only for solving their problems, not for causing them.

How does the Enlightenment Model conceptualize client responsibility?

Holds clients responsible for causing their problems, but not for solving them.

In Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, what are the three parts of personality and their operating principles?

The id (amoral basic instincts operating on the pleasure principle), the ego (conscious executive operating on the reality principle), and the superego (conscience operating on the moral principle).

What four archetypes shape personality according to Carl Jung's theory?

Persona (the mask one wears in public), shadow (negative aspects of personality), anima (feminine side of the male psyche), and animus (masculine side of the female psyche).

In Behavioural Therapy, how do implosion and flooding differ?

Implosion involves imagining an anxiety-inducing situation that may have dire consequences without relaxation first, while flooding involves imagining a scene that does not have dire consequences.

What are the components of Albert Ellis's ABCDE model in REBT?

A: Activating experience, B: Beliefs/thoughts about the experience, C: Emotional reaction/consequence, D: Disputing irrational thoughts, E: Effective thoughts.

What does the WDEP system stand for in William Glasser's Reality Therapy?

Wants, life Direction, Evaluation, and Plan.

What are the three phases of treatment in Donald Meichenbaum's Stress Inoculation Training?

Conceptual educational phase, skills acquisition and consolidation phase, and application and follow-through phase.

Who developed Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and for what condition is it a well-established treatment?

Marsha Linehan developed DBT, and it is the only well-established treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).

What are the six core processes in Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT)?

Acceptance, cognitive defusion, self-as-context, contact with the present moment, values, and committed action.

In Frederick Perls' Gestalt Therapy, what is the conflict between the 'top dog' and the 'underdog'?

The conflict between what one thinks one should do (top dog) and what one wants to do (underdog).

What three client commitment categories were identified by Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg in Solution-Focused Counselling?

Visitors (involved in the solution, not part of the problem), complainants (can observe and describe problems but not invested in resolving them), and customers (willing to work on finding solutions).

What are the four common types of crisis identified by Lindemann and Caplan?

Developmental, situational, existential, and ecosystemic.

Who developed Structural Family Counselling, and what structural concepts does it address?

Salvador Minuchin; it addresses hierarchy, coalitions, cross-generational alliances, and enmeshment.

What three primary dimensions must counsellors master according to McFadden's transcultural model?

Cultural-historical, psychosocial, and scientific-ideological.

What nonverbal attending skills are represented by the SOLER acronym?

Face the client Squarely, adopt an Open posture, Lean toward the client moderately, maintain appropriate Eye contact, and Relax.

What are the four dimensions of the Johari Window?

Area of free activity (known to self and others), blind area (blind to self, seen by others), avoided or hidden area (known to self, hidden from others), and area of unknown activity (not known to self or others).

What is the distinction between civil, criminal, and administrative liability for counsellors?

Civil liability involves lawsuits for malpractice or gross negligence; criminal liability involves committing illegal acts like failure to report child abuse or insurance fraud; administrative liability involves licensing board investigations that can revoke or suspend a licence.

What components make up the STIPS case conceptualization format?

Signs and Symptoms, Topics discussed in counselling, Interventions used in counselling, Progress of clients and continuing plan, and Special issues of importance (such as suicidality).