History final exam: Thematic Essay Amendments 6/10

25 points and 2 amendments to discuss

What is the 13th amendment (1865)?

Abolished slavery in the US

Slavery was central to the Southern economy, the abolitionist movement grew in the North and The Civil War was largely fought over slavery and state rights

What are the causes behind the 13th amendment?

It was passed by Congress in 1865 after the Civil War ended

When was the 13th amendment passed?

It was pushed by President Lincoln and the Radical Republicans

Which president pushed for the 13th amendment?

It was needed to legally end slavery, even after the Emancipation Proclamation

What was the main benefit of the 13th amendment?

It allowed Congress to enforce civil rights

What did the 13th amendment allow Congress to do?

The 13th amendment helped with the 14th and 15th amendments and with the long struggle for racial equality

Which two amendments did the 13th amendment help establish?

Issued by President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War, it freed all enslaved people in Confederate states (not in Union states)

What is the Emancipation Proclamation (1863)?

The abolitionist movement was a campaign used to end slavery in the United States

What is the abolitionist movement?

Gave citizenship to all people born in the US, including formerly enslaved people, and guaranteed equal protection under the law

What is the 14th amendment? (1868)

After the Civil War, Southern states tried to deny rights to freed slaves and Congress wanted to protect civil rights legally

What are the causes behind the 14th amendment?

Black Codes were laws that limited Black freedom and rights

What are Black Codes?

It was passed during the Reconstruction Era, a time of rebuilding the South after the Civil War

When was the 14th amendment passed?

13th, 14th and 15 amendment

What are the three Reconstruction amendments?

The 14th amendment faced strong opposition from the Southern states

What states opposed the 14th amendment?

Made former slaves U.S citizens and gave them legal rights

What are the effects of the 14th amendment?

The 14th amendment protected citizenship and equality, especially for freed African Americans, after slavery ended

What are the main benefits of the 14th amendment?

Gave Black men the right to vote and stated that voting can’t be denied based on race or color. This didn't include Black women

What is the 15th amendment (1870)?

After slavery ended, Southern states still blocked Black people from voting and Congress wanted to protect the political rights of freedmen

What are the causes behind the 15th amendment?

Passed during the Reconstruction era, a time of rebuilding the South after the Civil war

When was the 15th amendment passed?

Faced backlash from many white Southerners

Who gave the most backlash to the 15th amendment?

Gave Black men legal voting rights and led to Black elected officials in the South

What are the effects of the 15th amendment?

Southern states later used poll taxes, literacy tests and violence

What did the Southern states later use after the 15th amendment was established?

The 15th Amendment aimed to protect the voting rights of Black men, but many obstacles still remained for decades

What are the benefits/outcomes of the 15th amendment?

The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) allowed Black men to enlist in the Union Army

What did the Emancipation Proclamation allow Black men to do in military?

Ulysses S. Grant supported the 15th amendment because he strongly supported Reconstruction and the civil rights of freed slaves, including voting protections

Who was the president that supported the 15th amendment?

Andrew Johnson was president during the 14th Amendment, but he did not support it.

Who was the president during the 14th amendment?

Congress and Radical Republicans pushed it through Reconstruction in order to protect the rights of formerly enslaved people

Who supported the 14th amendment?

Gave Congress the power to collect income taxes without dividing it among the states

What is the 16th amendment (1913)?

Pressure from Progressive Era reformers who wanted the wealthy to pay more

How did Progressive Era reformers influence the 16th amendment?

It was passed during the Progressive Era, a time of reform to fix problems like industrialization, child labor, working conditions, and corruption

When was the 16th amendment passed?

People demanded a fairer tax system

What did people demand in the US with the 16th amendment?

The 16th amendment allows the government to tax people based on how much money they make and this means wealthier people paid higher taxes

How did the 16th amendment tax the wealthy more?

It allowed the creation of the modern federal income tax and gave the government a steady source of revenue

What are the effects of the 16th amendment?

The 16th amendment gave Congress the power to tax people’s income and helped fund the government and shift tax burdens more fairly

What are the benefits of the 16th amendment?

Established the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people instead of being chosen by state legislatures

What is the 17th amendment (1913)?

Corruption and bribery in state legislatures when picking senators and public demand for more democracy and government accountability

What are the causes behind the 17th amendment?

Part of Progressive reforms was to give people more political power with the 17th amendment

What is a part of the Progressive reforms for the 17th amendment?

Before 1913, state legislatures picked US Senators and many believed this led to unfair influence by wealthy interests

What happened before 1913 and the 17th amendment?

People now vote directly for senators (like they do for the president and House reps)

How do people vote today with the 17th amendment?

Increased public trust and involvement in government and reduced corruption in the Senate selection process

What are the benefits in the government with the 17th amendment?

The 17th amendment made the US more democratic by letting voters choose their senators directly instead of state politicians doing it for them

What are the benefits with the 17th amendment?

Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol in the U.S (known as Prohibition)

What is the 18th amendment (1919)?

The temperance movement believed alcohol causes crime, poverty, and family problems

How is the temperance movement involved with the 18th amendment?

Religious groups and reformers pushed for a “dry” America and see it as a way to improve morals and society

Who pushed for a “dry” America with the 18th amendment?

Passed after World War I, when there was strong support for national discipline and order

When was the 18th amendment passed?

The 18th amendment was apart of the Progressive Era and focused on reforming social problems

How was the 18th amendment apart of the Progressive Era?

The Volstead Act was the law that enforced the 18th amendment, which banned alcohol in the U.S during Prohibition

What was the 18th amendment enforced?

Led to rise in illegal alcohol trade (bootlegging) and widespread disrespect for the law

What are the effects of the 18th amendment?

The 18th amendment was eventually repealed by the 21st amendment in 1933

When was the 18th amendment repealed and what amendment replaced it?

Al Capone got rich and powerful by illegally selling alcohol during the Prohibition era. His rise showed how the 18th amendment fueled organized crime instead of stopping it

Who was apart of the growth of organized crime with the 18th amendment?

Andrew Johnson was president when it was officially adopted after Lincoln’s assassination

Who was president when the 13th amendment was officially adopted?

The 18th Amendment started Prohibition, trying to make society better by banning alcohol — but it led to more problems and was later repealed

What benefits and outcomes did the 18th amendment have?

Gave women the right to vote in the United States

What is the 19th amendment (1920)?

Leaders were Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Alice Paul

Who were the leaders of the women’s suffrage movement and played a part in the 19th amendment

Decades of activism by the women’s suffrage movement and women’s role in World War I showed their value in society

What are the causes behind the 19th amendment?

The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) helped launch the movement and 19th amendment

What convention helped launch the women’s right movement and helped with the 19th amendment?

Passed after growing pressure and protests across the country

What influenced the 19th amendment to become passed?

Gave millions of women the right to vote, major step toward gender equality and inspired future movements for women’s rights and civil rights

What are the effects of the 19th amendment?

The 19th amendment was a huge victory for women’s suffrage, finally granting women the right to vote after years of struggle

What are the benefits of the 19th amendment?

Repealed the 18th amendment, ending Prohibition in the US

What is the 21st amendment?

Prohibition failed and led to more crime instead of less, rise of bootlegging and crimes, loss of tax revenue during the Great Depression and the public wanted legal alcohol again

What are the causes behind the 21st amendment?

It was supported by Franklin D. Roosevelt’s during his presidency and he supported repeal as part of economic recovery with the 21st amendment

Which president supported the 21st amendment?

Make alcohol legal again in the US, ended Prohibition after 13 years and gave states power to regulate alcohol individually

What are the effects of the 21st amendment?

The 21st amendment ended Prohibition, fixing the problems caused by the 18th amendment and letting alcohol become legal again

What are the benefits of the 21st amendment?

The 16th amendment was proposed under Taft and supported shortly before Woodrow Wilson took office

Who was the president that supported the 16th amendment?

Woodrow Wilson supported the 17th amendment early in his presidency

Who was the president that supported the 17th amendment?

Woodrow Wilson vetoed (refused to approve) the Volstead Act, but Congress overrode him

Who was the president that did not support the 18th amendment?

Woodrow Wilson eventually supported the amendment after pressure from women right’s suffragists

Who was the president that supported the 19th amendment?

Franklin D. Roosevelt strongly supported ending Prohibition

Who was the president that ratified the 21st amendment?

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

What is the 26th amendment (1971)?

It was passed during the Vietnam War, when young men were being drafted but couldn’t vote

When was the 26th amendment passed?

Richard Nixon

Who was the president when the 26th amendment was ratified?

He signed the amendment and supported it, saying if you’re old enough to fight, you’re old enough to vote

Why did Richard Nixon supported the 26th amendment?

The 26th amendment let 18 years old vote, and Nixon helped pass it during the Vietnam War era

What impact did the 26th amendment have?

The Constitution was changed through amendments to fix major problems, protect people’s rights, and respond to historic events that showed the need for change

Why did we change the Constitution?

Each major event made Americans reflect on fairness and rights — and those reflections led to constitutional changes in order to create a more democratic country

What event made us reflect and change the Constitution?

Each amendment reflects a moment in history when the country grew and adapted

What does each amendment reflect?

Only the states can ratify a constitutional amendment

Who can only ratify a constitutional amendment?

Illegal making, transporting, or selling of alcohol during the Prohibition era

What is bootlegging?