Socioecological Models

Wrangham’s Socioecological Model for female bonded groups (1980)

female bonded groups defend clumped & defensible foods, coalitions form for resource defense

van Schaik-Predation Model of Socioecology (1983, 1989)

max group size limited by resources, group relationships shaped by food type, grouping as defense against predation

Sterck et al., female socioecological model (1997) - combo of Wrangham & van Schaik models:

dispersal-egalitarian, resident-nepotistic, resident-egalitarian, resident-nepotistic-tolerant

dispersal-egalitarian

scramble competition, weak female bonds

resident-nepotistic

Within-group contest, strong kin bonds

Resident–egalitarian

between-group contest, resident but weak kin bonds

Resident–nepotistic–tolerant

both within group contest & between group contest (but moderated), kin bonds, but dominants allow tolerance