Dan Duhon Midterm - Biology 1 Honors

What is the term for the engulfing of large particles or cells from the surrounding by the cell membrane?

phagocytosis

Which type of endocytosis involves the cell engulfing fluid droplets from its surroundings?

Pinocytosis

The second law of thermodynamics states that the universe tends toward

disorder

Which of the following is NOT a function of the membrane proteins?

Transport, Hydrophobic Interactions, Cell to cell adhesion, attachment to the cytoskeleton

Hydrophobic interactions

Singer and Nicolson gave us the ___________.

Fluid Mosaic Model

In the absence of oxygen, what process follows glycolysis?

Fermentation

Which of the following molecules can move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion with the help of specific protein channels?

Large proteins, glucose, water, oxygen

Large proteins

Which of the following membrane transport process requires the binding of a specific molecule to a receptor on the cell membrane?

Facilitated diffusion, osmosis, receptor mediated diffusion, signal transduction

Receptor Mediated Diffusion

What is the role of aquaporins in the cell membrane?

Facilitating the transport of water

Which type of membrane transport is responsible for the movement of sodium and potassium ions to create an unequal distribution of ions?

osmosis

What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

It gains water and swells

In which direction does active transport move ions across the cell membrane in the sodium-potassium pump and how many?

two potassium ions into the cell, and pumps three sodium ions out of the cell

What is the term for the engulfing of small liquid droplets from the surrounds by the cell membrane?

Pinocytosis

Which of the following membrane transport process is responsible for the secretion of hormones from cells?

facilitated diffusion, exocytosis, osmosis, active transport

exocytosis

Which type of molecule forms the hydrophobic tail of the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane?

lipids

What is the role of transport proteins in the cell membrane?

facilitate the movement of specific ions or molecules across the membrane

Which of the following processes involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, pinocytosis

osmosis

What is the main function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

enhance membrane fluidity

Which of the following is a function of the carbohydrate chains on a cell membrane?

structural support, storing energy, identifying cell type and facilitating cell-cell recognition, assisting active transport

Identifying cell type and facilitation cell-cell recognition

what is the term for the process by which a cell engulfs liquid droplets from the surroundings?

pinocytosis

Which of the following is an example of a hypertonic solution?

a solution with a LOWER solute concentration that the cell, a solution with a HIGHER solute concentration than the cell, a solution with the SAME solute concentration as the cell, a solution with a VARIABLE solute concentration

a solution with a HIGHER solute concentration than the cell.

Which type of membrane transport involves the release of large molecules from the cell using vesicles?

exocytosis

Which of the following is an example of a function served by proteins in the cell membrane?

storing genetic information, catalyzing chemical reactions, storing energy, providing mechanical support

catalyzing chemical reactions

What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in the cell membrane?

transporting sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell

Which of the following best describes the role of the cell membrane in maintaining homeostasis?

prevents the entry of all substances into the cell, regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell to maintain homeostasis, constantly release of all cellular contents, it has no role on homeostasis

regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell to maintain homeostasis

Which molecule can freely pass through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane by simple diffusion?

oxygen

What is the term for the tendency of molecules to spread out evenly in a space to reach equilibrium?

simple diffusion

Atoms tend to __________ a valence shell

fill

Which of the following is NOT a property of water?

cohesion, surface tension, meniscus, adhesion

meniscus

Which of the following is a weak bond?

elicit, hydrogen, covalent, ionic

hydrogen

The outer electron shell or orbit of an atom is called the _________ shell.

Valence

What is the buffer system in your blood?

Carbonic acid

The _________ of an object is the amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree Celcius.

Specific heat

The strand of the DNA molecule are held together by _______ bonds

hydrogen

Bases have a LOWER or HIGHER pH than acids?

Higher

Which of the following is NOT non-polar?

fats, oils, salt, waxes

salt

What is less dense at _______ degrees C

0

____________ means "water loving".

hydrophilic

Where is the majority of negative charge on a water molecule?

Oxygen

True or False: All life on Earth occurs in water.

True

Water is reffered to as the ________

Universal Solvent

Which of the atoms in a water molecule have a positive charge?

Hydrogen

______ means "water fearing".

Hydrphobic

A solution of koolaid has a pH of 5.4. a student adds an alka-seltzer to the solution and stirs in. After the addition of the alka-seltzer, the pH is measured to be 8.4. What was released by the alka-seltzer to cause this change?

a base

The number of protons in an element determines its

atomic number

Water is a ________ molecule.

Polar

True or False: Compared with other substances, water requires more heat to increase its temperature.

True

pOH measures ________

The concentration of hydroxide ions in solution.

What is the basic structural unit of the cell membrane?

Phospholipids

Which of the following is found in the middle of the cell membrane?

ATP, Starch, fatty acids, hemoglobin

fatty acids

What type of membrane proteins span the entire lipid bilayer and are involved in the transport of substances across the membrane?

integral proteins

Which of the following types of membrane transport does not require energy expenditure and relies on the concentration gradient?

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following is a type of passive transport?

Sodium-potassium pump, osmosis, ATP synthase, exocytosis

osmosis

Which direction does water move during osmosis?

from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution

Which type of transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient and requires energy in the form of ATP.

active transport

What is the role of ATP in active transport?

Pump ions or molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient

Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of lipids that are incorporated into the cell membrane?

endoplasmic reticulum

How many amino acids are essential?

20

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in our bodies?

Structural, cushioning our organs, enzymatic activity, contraction

cushioning our organs

Which of the following is the empirical formula for a carbohydrate (all numbers are subscripts)

COOH, C6H12O6, CH2O, C2H4NO2R

CH2O

This molecule is a

Lipid

Which of the following is a purine?

Thymine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

guanine

Which of the following is a function of nucleic acids?

Carrying the genetic information, fighting diseases, energy, building carbohydrates

Carrying the genetic information

Which of the following might denature a protein?

excessive heat, exposure to light, exposure to bacteria, none of these

excessive heat

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?

an unsaturated fatty acid has double bonds

Which of the following is NOT true of lipids?

they make of most of the cell membranes, they are soluble in water, they store energy, they are large

they are soluble in water

Which of the following is a simple sugar (monosaccharide)?

starch, cellulose, fructose, chitin

fructose

how many electrons does carbon have in its valence orbital?

4

Which of the following is NOT included in every amino acid?

amino group, carboxyl group, glucose, alpha carbon

glucose

Proteins are long chains of ________ strung together.

amino acids

Which of the following is the most abundant enzyme in the world?

RUBISCO

Which of the following elements is NOT a major component of carbohydrates?

Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen

Nitrogen

What is the major role of carbohydrates in the cell?

provide energy

Which of these is NOT a monomer?

Fatty acid, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

carbohydrates

when two amino acids are joined together, what are the products?

a dipeptide and water

When two glucose monomers are joined by a covalent bond, the resulting disaccharide is ___________

maltose

The pH of pure water is

7

The property that permits water molecules to stick to other water molecules is called

cohesion

When the shared electrons are not equally distributed around the bonded atoms, this creates a ________ covalent bond

polar

Which type of solute will dissolve in water?

polar

These bonds are formed as a result of atoms sharing electrons to fill their valence shells.

Hydrogen

Which of the following types of bonds are the strongest?

Covalent

These bonds are formed when one atoms gains an electron and another atom loses an electron to create positive and negative charges which attract each other.

Ionic

_________ determines the chemical behavior (reactivity) of an atom.

electrons

An unequal distribution of charges within a covalently bonded molecule.

polarity

The substance that is dissolved in a solution is the ___________

solute

Of the three types of bonds we discussed, which is the weakest?

hydrogen

Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements that make up 95% of living matter?

phosphorous

This macromolecule is a(n)

carbohydrate

Saturated fats are usually

solid at room temperature

What is the process that form macromolecules?

dehydration synthesis

Large, nonpolar organic molecules that includes waxes and store more energy per gram than other organic compounds.

lipids

Phospholipids are made of _____________

a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails

Which macromolecule is made of this monomer?

nucleic acid

What is the function of the enzyme RUBISCO in the Calvin cycle?

Carbon fixation

Which color of light is least effective for photosynthesis?

Green

What is the role of the ETC in photosynthesis

ATP synthesis and NADPH production

In what part of the plant cell does photosynthesis primarily occur?

chloroplast

What is the function of the ATP produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

glucose synthesis

In which part of the chloroplast are the pigments responsible for light absorption located?

thylakoid membrane