Human AP Final Exam 1 CH 1.

What is anatomy?

The study of body structure.

What is physiology?

The study of how body parts function.

What are the levels of organization in the human body?

Atom/molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism.

Name the 12 major organ systems.

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive (male & female).

Define homeostasis.

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

What is negative feedback?

A mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point (e.g., body temperature).

What is positive feedback?

A mechanism that amplifies a change (e.g., childbirth contractions).

What are the components of a homeostatic control system?

Receptor, Control Center, Effector.

What is homeostatic imbalance?

A disruption in homeostasis, leading to disease.

What is the anatomical position?

Standing upright, feet forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

What are the major planes of the body?

Midsagittal, Parasagittal, Coronal (frontal), Transverse.

Define anterior/posterior

Anterior: front; Posterior: back.

Define superior/inferior.

Superior: above; Inferior: below.

Define medial/lateral.

Medial: toward the midline; Lateral: away from the midline.

Define ipsilateral/contralateral.

Ipsilateral: same side; Contralateral: opposite side.

Define proximal/distal.

Proximal: closer to point of origin; Distal: farther from point of origin.

What are the main body cavities?

Dorsal (cranial, vertebral) and Ventral (thoracic, abdominopelvic).

What are the quadrants of the abdomen?

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ.