ap psych term 2 exam

developmental - clinical - look through notes and charts, use very well mind

developmental psychology

studies the growth of the human from womb to tomb

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

heredity

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring

environment

every non-genetic influence from nutrition to people to things around us

mary ainsworth

A developmental psychologist known for her work in attachment theory, particularly the Strange Situation assessment.

secure attachment

a strong bond between mother and child, may be uspset when they leave but they are okay and frindly and happy when mother comes bacl

anxious

ditress when mother leaves and when mother returns, may avoid or resist contact but also seek conmfort

ambivant

mixed feelings if distress, either clingy or resistant in the presence of the caregiver and contradictory behavior when reunited

avoidant

child does not seem to notice when mother is there or not there, showing little emotion repsonse, avoidant mom = avoidant child

Jean Piaget

cogntive stages of development, a childs thinking and understanding

sensorimotor

ages 0-2, coordination with senses with motor response, curiosity, object permanence

preoperational

2-7, symbolic thinking, proper syntax and grammar, use spoken and some wrtitten words

concrete operational

7-11, logical thinking about concrete events, understadn math and concservation

formal operational

12-^, logically thinking towards abstract concepts, proposition and consequences, ponder, problem solving, hypothetical

Diana baumrind

parenting styles

authoritarian

• strict parenting, limits, high pressure

• children become: sneaky, have less social life, and have low self-esteem

• adulthood: grow up with the same expectation for themselves

permissive

• little limits, punishment, expectation

• children - more agressive, immature

• adults - behavior problems, lack of authority, risk of health problems

negligent

• dont pay attention to child

• child- poor academic and social outcomes

• adult - severe mental health problems and problems with emotional expression

authoritative

• open and have room to discuss rules, rules and expectations change as child gets older

• self reliance, self esteem, social competance

• adult - confident, repsonsible, manage emotions

primary sex characterisitcs

• parts used for sexual reproduction

• male - testicles, penis

• female - ovaries,

secondaey sex characteristics

• characteristics that are not used for sexual reproduction but part of attractio

• men - body hair, voice

• women - breasts

estrogen and tesotsterone

estrogen - female sex hormone- used for the development of sex characterisitcs for women

testosterone - male sex hormone, used for the development of sex hormones for men

Lawrence kholberg

morality stages of deveolpment

preconventional

0-9, punishment - obedience, consequences for actions to determine right from wrong

pt2 of precon.

instrument- relativist, satisfaction of ones own needs

conventional

adolescent to adult, interpersonal and concordance, following the law and the right and wrong in terms of it

pt 2 of convent.

law and order - maintaining law and order

postconvetional

only 0-15% of people achieve this, social contrast, society’s values of right v wrong, fighting for or against certain aspects of society based on ones own moral beliefs

pt2 of post con.

universal - right and wrong of your philosophy

erikson erikson

eriksons stages of development

infancy

• 0-18m

• trust v mistrust, feeding, sense of trust when care giver provides care and affection

early childhood

2-3, autonomy v shame and doubt, toilet training, sese of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence

preschool

3-5, initiative v guilt, exploration, begin asserting control and power over the environment sense of purpose

school age

6-11, industry v inferiority, school, cope with new social and academic demands sense of ceomptance

adolescence

12-18, identity v role confusion, social relationships, self and personal identity/stay true to yuorself

young adulthood

19-40, intimacy v isolation, relationships, forming intimate loving relationships with others

middle adulthood

40-65, generativity v stagnation, work and parenthood, create and nurture things that will outlast them sense of usefulness ,

maturity

65 and up, ego integrity v despair, refelction on life look back on life and have a sense of fulfillment

Harlows monkeys

an experiment done to study the importance of touch, they used monkeys and they were given either a cloth mother or a wire mother, the ones with a cloth mother had developed normally and had secure attachments the wire mother group were constantly scared and only went to the mother for food

developing gender roles

role - a set of expectations about social position, defining how those in the position out to behave

schemas

organizes categories of information for patterns and behviors

gender schemas

we develop schemas for gender, we identify with one the most and stick to it, we make ideas about certain genders and we apply roles to specify how they should act (gender roles)

social learning theory

states that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and being rewarded or punished

gender typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role, it varies from child to child

androgyny

display both characteristics of traditional masculine or feminine physiological, more flexible people

change in focus of developmental psychology

developmental psychology changed because of demographics such as life expectancy and looking more into cognitive process, it now focuses on the lifespan changes in physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences

self concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question “who am I?”

social identity

your social idea is the concept of who you are in the context of your friendships and relationships, who are in the concept of other people

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think, influence, and relate to in the presence of others and by ourselves

acting with others and by ourselves

if you are in the environment of others you will act as you are with others and if you are by yourself you will act as if you will by yourself

Fritz heider

fundamental attribtution error

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting wither the situation or the persons disposition

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers when analyzing others behavior to underestimate the situation and overestimate the impact of the individual, more pronounced when we only have contact with a person once

attitudes

the feelings, often influenced by your beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

peripheral route persuasion

people influenced by incidental cues (attractiveness)

central route persuasion

interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, logical thinking

Phillip Zimbardo

lucifer effect

lucifer effect

a phenomenon that says normal people can do evil things if placed in the right role

cognitive dissonance

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent

obedience

we do things because someone in authority tells us to. when we see someone dressed as someone in authority we assume they are and should listen to them (nuremberg trials)

social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

in group bias

we favor our in group at expense of the outgroup

out group bias

those perceived as a different or apart from their group

self fulfilling prophecies

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

spotlight effect

the idea that someone thinks they have a spotlight on them and in reality no one pays attention and no one judges

halo effect

the idea that you assume characteristics based on someone’s appearance

• if they are tall and wear a suit - smart, rich,

• if they look messy and more casual - poor, bad, average

mere exposure effect

you tend to like someone more based on how much contact you have with it-

• you sit next to a girl you don’t like then overtime you become good friends

individualistic culture

mostly Western countries, cultures that promote self-expression, going after your own goals, being true to yourself

collectivist culture

cultures that promote fitting in, conforming, focusing on family and group goals

normative social influence

a change in behaviour that is deemed necessary in order to fit in a particular group.

conformity

changing your eld to fit into society or a particular group

bystander effect

the tendency for people to ignore a problem or situation because they believe that someone else will do it, diffusion of responsibility

attraction

The ways in which you take interest in and feel positively towards others (romantically or platonically) depend on personality, appearance, and proximity.

personality psychology

studies an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

psychodynamic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious

psychoanalysis

freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

sigmund freud

his work all about the past and views that all of our mental problems come from our childhood, he believed that our mind is like an iceberg

freuds ice berg

your mind will repress and store that memory that caused you trauma and later in life it will affect you but you dont know why

freud’s therapy

freud used free association, he would let you say whatever is on your mind no matter how embarrassing or vulnerable it is, you would sit so you weren’tt facing him and he would just listen then diagnose you but would not treat you

freuds theory of personality

3 interacting systems, id, superego and ego. he believed that our personality was a conflict between impulses for pleasure and the restraint

id

a resevoir of unconscious energy, strives to satisfy sexual and agressive drives

• operates on the pleasure principle

• immediate gratification

ego

awareness of reality, mediates the needs of the id, superego, and reality.

• delayed gratification

superego

internalized ideals and provides and sets standards for judgement and for future aspirations, how we should behave not how we want to

the conflict between id, superego, and ego

in the few first years of your life, these interacting systems control you and fight for dominance, eventually one comes out on top , and you want the ego to come out on top because you will be well adjusted, your id will makes you impulsive, irresponsiible, superego will make you very moral and know it all

freuds defensive mechanisms

different ways we exert our feelings to defend ourselves from the actual problem

repression

when you purposely, unconsciously, banish the thing that causes anxiety

sublimation

replacing socially unaccepted behavior impulses, with socially accepted behavior

reaction formation

acting the exact opposite way to ones unacceptable impulses

projection

putting one’s own unacceptable feelings and thoughts onto others

rationalization

creating false excuses for one’s unacceptable feelings, thoughts, and behavior

Carl rogers - humanistic psychology

his view of personality is focused on the future and potential for growth, they look at the past but is not their main focus

humanistic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth

maslows hierarchy of needs

a pyramid starting with physiological needs before moving on to psychological needs. each stage has to be accomplished before moving on to the next, but the model is fluid which makes it different from other models

self actualization

ultimate psychological need that offer the needs, drives for full potential

self transcendence

this was added on after, striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond yourself

carl rogers person centered perspective

the idea that humans are basically good and have self - actualizing tendencies

self concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question of who am i, it is composed of actual self, ideal self, and ought self.

• we should never reach all of these because we would have no room to grow