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developmental - clinical - look through notes and charts, use very well mind
developmental psychology
studies the growth of the human from womb to tomb
behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
heredity
the genetic transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring
environment
every non-genetic influence from nutrition to people to things around us
mary ainsworth
A developmental psychologist known for her work in attachment theory, particularly the Strange Situation assessment.
secure attachment
a strong bond between mother and child, may be uspset when they leave but they are okay and frindly and happy when mother comes bacl
anxious
ditress when mother leaves and when mother returns, may avoid or resist contact but also seek conmfort
ambivant
mixed feelings if distress, either clingy or resistant in the presence of the caregiver and contradictory behavior when reunited
avoidant
child does not seem to notice when mother is there or not there, showing little emotion repsonse, avoidant mom = avoidant child
Jean Piaget
cogntive stages of development, a childs thinking and understanding
sensorimotor
ages 0-2, coordination with senses with motor response, curiosity, object permanence
preoperational
2-7, symbolic thinking, proper syntax and grammar, use spoken and some wrtitten words
concrete operational
7-11, logical thinking about concrete events, understadn math and concservation
formal operational
12-^, logically thinking towards abstract concepts, proposition and consequences, ponder, problem solving, hypothetical
Diana baumrind
parenting styles
authoritarian
strict parenting, limits, high pressure
children become: sneaky, have less social life, and have low self-esteem
adulthood: grow up with the same expectation for themselves
permissive
little limits, punishment, expectation
children - more agressive, immature
adults - behavior problems, lack of authority, risk of health problems
negligent
dont pay attention to child
child- poor academic and social outcomes
adult - severe mental health problems and problems with emotional expression
authoritative
open and have room to discuss rules, rules and expectations change as child gets older
self reliance, self esteem, social competance
adult - confident, repsonsible, manage emotions
primary sex characterisitcs
parts used for sexual reproduction
male - testicles, penis
female - ovaries,
secondaey sex characteristics
characteristics that are not used for sexual reproduction but part of attractio
men - body hair, voice
women - breasts
estrogen and tesotsterone
estrogen - female sex hormone- used for the development of sex characterisitcs for women
testosterone - male sex hormone, used for the development of sex hormones for men
Lawrence kholberg
morality stages of deveolpment
preconventional
0-9, punishment - obedience, consequences for actions to determine right from wrong
pt2 of precon.
instrument- relativist, satisfaction of ones own needs
conventional
adolescent to adult, interpersonal and concordance, following the law and the right and wrong in terms of it
pt 2 of convent.
law and order - maintaining law and order
postconvetional
only 0-15% of people achieve this, social contrast, society’s values of right v wrong, fighting for or against certain aspects of society based on ones own moral beliefs
pt2 of post con.
universal - right and wrong of your philosophy
erikson erikson
eriksons stages of development
infancy
0-18m
trust v mistrust, feeding, sense of trust when care giver provides care and affection
early childhood
2-3, autonomy v shame and doubt, toilet training, sese of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence
preschool
3-5, initiative v guilt, exploration, begin asserting control and power over the environment sense of purpose
school age
6-11, industry v inferiority, school, cope with new social and academic demands sense of ceomptance
adolescence
12-18, identity v role confusion, social relationships, self and personal identity/stay true to yuorself
young adulthood
19-40, intimacy v isolation, relationships, forming intimate loving relationships with others
middle adulthood
40-65, generativity v stagnation, work and parenthood, create and nurture things that will outlast them sense of usefulness ,
maturity
65 and up, ego integrity v despair, refelction on life look back on life and have a sense of fulfillment
Harlows monkeys
an experiment done to study the importance of touch, they used monkeys and they were given either a cloth mother or a wire mother, the ones with a cloth mother had developed normally and had secure attachments the wire mother group were constantly scared and only went to the mother for food
developing gender roles
role - a set of expectations about social position, defining how those in the position out to behave
schemas
organizes categories of information for patterns and behviors
gender schemas
we develop schemas for gender, we identify with one the most and stick to it, we make ideas about certain genders and we apply roles to specify how they should act (gender roles)
social learning theory
states that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and being rewarded or punished
gender typing
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role, it varies from child to child
androgyny
display both characteristics of traditional masculine or feminine physiological, more flexible people
change in focus of developmental psychology
developmental psychology changed because of demographics such as life expectancy and looking more into cognitive process, it now focuses on the lifespan changes in physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences
self concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question “who am I?”
social identity
your social idea is the concept of who you are in the context of your friendships and relationships, who are in the concept of other people
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think, influence, and relate to in the presence of others and by ourselves
acting with others and by ourselves
if you are in the environment of others you will act as you are with others and if you are by yourself you will act as if you will by yourself
Fritz heider
fundamental attribtution error
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting wither the situation or the persons disposition
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers when analyzing others behavior to underestimate the situation and overestimate the impact of the individual, more pronounced when we only have contact with a person once
attitudes
the feelings, often influenced by your beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
peripheral route persuasion
people influenced by incidental cues (attractiveness)
central route persuasion
interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, logical thinking
Phillip Zimbardo
lucifer effect
lucifer effect
a phenomenon that says normal people can do evil things if placed in the right role
cognitive dissonance
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
obedience
we do things because someone in authority tells us to. when we see someone dressed as someone in authority we assume they are and should listen to them (nuremberg trials)
social facilitation
improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal
scapegoat theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
in group bias
we favor our in group at expense of the outgroup
out group bias
those perceived as a different or apart from their group
self fulfilling prophecies
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
spotlight effect
the idea that someone thinks they have a spotlight on them and in reality no one pays attention and no one judges
halo effect
the idea that you assume characteristics based on someone’s appearance
if they are tall and wear a suit - smart, rich,
if they look messy and more casual - poor, bad, average
mere exposure effect
you tend to like someone more based on how much contact you have with it-
you sit next to a girl you don’t like then overtime you become good friends
individualistic culture
mostly Western countries, cultures that promote self-expression, going after your own goals, being true to yourself
collectivist culture
cultures that promote fitting in, conforming, focusing on family and group goals
normative social influence
a change in behaviour that is deemed necessary in order to fit in a particular group.
conformity
changing your eld to fit into society or a particular group
bystander effect
the tendency for people to ignore a problem or situation because they believe that someone else will do it, diffusion of responsibility
attraction
The ways in which you take interest in and feel positively towards others (romantically or platonically) depend on personality, appearance, and proximity.
personality psychology
studies an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
psychodynamic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious
psychoanalysis
freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
sigmund freud
his work all about the past and views that all of our mental problems come from our childhood, he believed that our mind is like an iceberg
freuds ice berg
your mind will repress and store that memory that caused you trauma and later in life it will affect you but you dont know why
freud’s therapy
freud used free association, he would let you say whatever is on your mind no matter how embarrassing or vulnerable it is, you would sit so you weren’tt facing him and he would just listen then diagnose you but would not treat you
freuds theory of personality
3 interacting systems, id, superego and ego. he believed that our personality was a conflict between impulses for pleasure and the restraint
id
a resevoir of unconscious energy, strives to satisfy sexual and agressive drives
operates on the pleasure principle
immediate gratification
ego
awareness of reality, mediates the needs of the id, superego, and reality.
delayed gratification
superego
internalized ideals and provides and sets standards for judgement and for future aspirations, how we should behave not how we want to
the conflict between id, superego, and ego
in the few first years of your life, these interacting systems control you and fight for dominance, eventually one comes out on top , and you want the ego to come out on top because you will be well adjusted, your id will makes you impulsive, irresponsiible, superego will make you very moral and know it all
freuds defensive mechanisms
different ways we exert our feelings to defend ourselves from the actual problem
repression
when you purposely, unconsciously, banish the thing that causes anxiety
sublimation
replacing socially unaccepted behavior impulses, with socially accepted behavior
reaction formation
acting the exact opposite way to ones unacceptable impulses
projection
putting one’s own unacceptable feelings and thoughts onto others
rationalization
creating false excuses for one’s unacceptable feelings, thoughts, and behavior
Carl rogers - humanistic psychology
his view of personality is focused on the future and potential for growth, they look at the past but is not their main focus
humanistic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
maslows hierarchy of needs
a pyramid starting with physiological needs before moving on to psychological needs. each stage has to be accomplished before moving on to the next, but the model is fluid which makes it different from other models
self actualization
ultimate psychological need that offer the needs, drives for full potential
self transcendence
this was added on after, striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond yourself
carl rogers person centered perspective
the idea that humans are basically good and have self - actualizing tendencies
self concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question of who am i, it is composed of actual self, ideal self, and ought self.
we should never reach all of these because we would have no room to grow
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