BIOL 201: Body Organization and Homeostasis

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Last updated 8:45 PM on 8/30/26
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77 Terms

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Organization

  1. Organism

  2. Organ System

  3. Organ

  4. Tissue

  5. Cell

  6. Organelle

  7. Macromolecule

  8. Molecule

  9. Atom


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Anatomy

Study of structure

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Physiology

Study of Function

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Anatomical Position

Standardized reference position

<p>Standardized reference position</p>
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Proximal

Closeness to the body’s center or the structure’s origin

<p><span>Closeness to the body’s center or the structure’s origin</span></p>
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Distal

Indicates that a structure is further from the trunk of the body or the reference point

<p><span>Indicates that a structure is </span>further from the trunk of the body or the reference point</p>
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Superior

Higher or closer to the top of the head

<p><span>Higher or closer to the top of the head</span></p>
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Inferior

Lower or closer to the feet

<p>Lower or closer to the feet</p>
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Anterior / Ventral

Toward the front of the body

<p>Toward the front of the body</p>
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Posterior / Dorsal

Toward the back of the body

<p>Toward the back of the body</p>
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Medial

Closer to the midline

<p>Closer to the midline</p>
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Lateral

Further from the midline

<p>Further from the midline</p>
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Frontal / Coronal Plane

Divides the body into front and back (anterior and posterior)

<p>Divides the body into front and back (anterior and posterior)</p>
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Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right

<p>Divides the body into left and right </p>
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Transverse Plane

Divides the body into top and bottom (superior and inferior)

<p>Divides the body into top and bottom (superior and inferior)</p>
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Dorsal Cavity

  • Contains cranial and vertebral cavities

  • Protects nervous system


<ul><li><p>Contains cranial and vertebral cavities </p></li><li><p>Protects nervous system</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Ventral Cavity

  • Contains thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities

  • Houses internal organs


<ul><li><p>Contains thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities</p></li><li><p>Houses internal organs </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity:

RU, LU, RL, LL

<p>RU, LU, RL, LL</p>
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Hypochondriac Regions

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Lumbar Regions (abdominal)

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Iliac Regions

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Epigastric Region

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Umbilical Region

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Hypogastric Region

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Cephalic

Head

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Frontal

Forehead

<p>Forehead</p>
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Orbital

Eyes

<p>Eyes</p>
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Nasal

Nose

<p>Nose</p>
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Oral

Mouth

<p>Mouth</p>
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Mental

Chin

<p>Chin</p>
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Cervical

Neck

<p>Neck</p>
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Sternal

Sternum

<p>Sternum</p>
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Axillary

Armpits

<p>Armpits</p>
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Mammary

Chest

<p>Chest</p>
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Inguinal

Groin

<p>Groin</p>
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Pubic

Genital

<p>Genital</p>
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Acromial

Shoulder

<p>Shoulder</p>
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Brachial

Upper arm

<p>Upper arm</p>
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Antecubital

Inside of the elbow

<p>Inside of the elbow</p>
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Antebrachial

Forearm

<p>Forearm</p>
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Carpal

Wrist

<p>Wrist</p>
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Manus

Hand

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Pollex

Thumb

<p>Thumb</p>
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Palmar

Palm

<p>Palm</p>
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Digital

Fingers and toes

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Coxal

Hips

<p>Hips</p>
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Femoral

Thigh

<p>Thigh</p>
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Patellar

Kneecap

<p>Kneecap</p>
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Crural

Shin

<p>Shin</p>
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Fibular / Peroneal

Lateral side of the leg

<p>Lateral side of the leg</p>
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Pedal

Foot

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Tarsal

Ankle

<p>Ankle</p>
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Metatarsal

Foot bones

<p>Foot bones</p>
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Hallux

Big toe

<p>Big toe</p>
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Otic

Ears

<p>Ears</p>
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Occipital

Posterior side of the head

<p>Posterior side of the head</p>
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Scapular

Shoulder blades

<p>Shoulder blades</p>
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Lumbar

Sides of the lower back

<p>Sides of the lower back</p>
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Vertebral

Spine

<p>Spine</p>
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Sacral

Sacrum / Lower back

<p>Sacrum / Lower back</p>
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Gluteal

Buttocks

<p>Buttocks</p>
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Perineal

Between anus and genitalia

<p>Between anus and genitalia</p>
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Olecranal

Elbow

<p>Elbow</p>
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Metacarpal

Palm bones

<p>Palm bones</p>
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Popliteal

Posterior side of the knee

<p>Posterior side of the knee</p>
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Sural

Calf

<p>Calf</p>
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Calcaneal

Heel

<p>Heel</p>
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Plantar

Bottom of the foot

<p>Bottom of the foot</p>
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Homeostasis

Consistency through change

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Negative Feedback

Response to a stimulus that counteracts it

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Positive Feedback

Response to a stimulus that enhances it

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Receptor

Sensor, monitors environment, responds to stimuli (detects when something happens)

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Control Center

Receives input from receptor, determines set point or range of acceptable values for homeostasis

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Effector (target)

Receives output from control center, provides response 

  • Reduces (negative) or enhances (positive) 


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Components of a Control Mechanism:

  1. Stimulus

  2. Receptor

  3. Input

  4. Control Center

  5. Output

  6. Effector

  7. Response


<ol><li><p>Stimulus</p></li><li><p>Receptor</p></li><li><p>Input</p></li><li><p>Control Center</p></li><li><p>Output</p></li><li><p>Effector </p></li><li><p>Response</p></li></ol><p></p>
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Afferent Pathway

Stimulus —> Receptor —> Output

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Efferent Pathway

Output —> Response