A&P Unit 3 Lab (functions)

Dura Mater

Protects spinal cord

Arachnoid Mater

protects spinal cord

Pia Mater

protects spinal cord

Conus Medullaris

stabilizes the spinal cord

denticulate ligaments

connects dura mater to pia mater

filum terminale

anchors conus medullaris

cervical enlargement

gives rise to brachial plexus

lumbar enlargement

gives rise to lumbar plexus

cauda equina

send & receive messages to & from lower limbs/pelvic organs

dorsal/posterior roots

carry sensory neural signals to CNS (afferent)

ventral/anterior roots

carry motor neural signals away from the CNS (efferent)

dorsal/posterior root ganglion

convey info from external or internal sites of body; relay sensory nerve impulses to PNS

anterior median fissure

split between right & left halves where spinal artery sits

posterior median sulcus

divide spinal cord in half

anterior horn

carry motor neuron information

lateral horn

carries neurons from the sympathetic nervous system

posterior horn

carries sensory information

gray commissure

connect left & right halves of grey matter allowing for communication

central canal

carries CSF

anterior/posterior/lateral white columns

carry sensory information up to the brain

posterior (dorsal) rami

carry visceral/somatic motor & sensory info to & from the skin * deep muscles of the back

anterior (ventral) rami

carry visceral/somatic & motor info to & from the ventrolateral body surface

Sympathetic Trunk function

allows nerve fibers to travel to other spinal nerves

What is the sympathetic trunk?

nerve fibers that run from the skull to the coccyx

Splanchnic nerves function

innervates the abdomen

what are the splanchnic nerves?

arise from within the sympathetic trunk

phrenic nerve function

innervates diaphragm

frontal lobe

emotion control & decision making

parietal lobe

taste & language

temporal lobes

hearing, smell

occipital lobe

vision

central sulcus

increase surface area

lateral sulcus

increase surface area

longitudinal fissure

separates hemispheres

cerebral cortex

high level of thinking

gyri

"mountains" ; increase total area

sulci

"valleys"; increase area

Corpus callosum

communication between hemisphere

thalamus

relay center, filters important information

hypothalamus

autonomic effects & hormone regulation & circadian rhythm regulation

infundibulum

connection

pituitary gland

hormone maintenance

epithalamus

connect limbic system to other parts of brain

pineal gland

secretes melatonin

choroid plexus

CSF production

mammillary bodies

memory

arbor vitae

afferent & efferent signaling

cerebellum

equilibrium, motor coordination, memory of learned motor skills

vermis

incompletely divides left & right cerebellum

pons

sleeping, dreaming

medulla oblongata

contains cardiac & respiratory centers, cough/sneeze/vomit reflex

corpora quadrigemina

visual & auditory reflex

superior colliculi

vision reflex

inferior colliculi

auditory reflex

dura mater (brain)

allows blood to leave & CSF to enter

arachnoid mater (brain)

house arachnoid space

pia mater (brain)

supply brain tissue with blood

lateral ventricles

contain csf

third ventricle

send & receive info from lateral ventricles

fourth ventricle

protect brain from trauma

interventricular foramen

connect lateral ventricle to third ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

allows csf to flow between 3rd & 4th ventricle

Olfactory (I) type

sensory

optic (II) type

sensory

Oculomotor (III) type

motor

trochlear (IV) type

motor

trigeminal (V) type

both

abducens (VI) type

motor

facial (VII) type

both

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) type

sensory

glossopharyngeal (IX) type

both

vagus (X) type

both

Accessory (XI) type

motor

Hypoglossal (XII) type

motor

Olfactory (I) Function

smell; test function with strong aroma's

Optic (II) function

vision; text with range of vision

Oculomotor (III) function

eye movement; test ability to track movement

Trochlear (IV) function

superior oblique eye movement; bielschowsky's head tilt test

Trigeminal (V) function

touch & pain sensation; pinch test

Abducens (VI) function

movement of lateral rectus muscle of eye; follow finger toward nose test

Facial (VII) function

facial movement, taste, touch; lift eyebrows/smile test

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) function

hearing & balance; standing on one foot test

Glossopharyngeal (IX) function

taste & swallowing; gag reflex

Vagus (X) function

parasympathetic functions; say ahh, check body response to reflex

Accessory (XI) function

neck & shoulder movement; shrugging test

Hypoglossal (XII) function

tongue movemnt; tongue movement test

functions of the skin

protection, secretion, sensation, heat regulation, excretion, absorption

stem cells

cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are derived

keratinocytes

most common type of skin cell, make up structural component of epidermis

melanocytes

in the stratum basale layer and provide pigmentation and protection from UV radiation

free nerve endings

send messages to brain when feeling sensations of hot, cold, pain

dendritic cells

immune cells; initiate all antigen-specific immune responses

stratum corneum

multiple layers of "dead" scaley keratinized cells

stratum lucidium

only found in THICK skin of palm, heels, and digits

stratum granulosum

multiple layers of flat keratin

stratum spinosum

several layers of keratinocytes, desmosomes, and tight junctions; allows for shape and water retention

stratum bisale

compose of cuboidal stem cells/keratinocytes that migrate to surface to replace lost cells

dermal papillae

regenerate the cycling portion of the hair follicle and generate the hair shaft

epidermal ridges

ridges in the overlying epidermis; "finger prints"

papillary layer

made up of areolar CT, vascularity, tactile cells