Untitled Flashcards Set

Ego defense mechanisms

Strategies used by the ego to protect itself from anxiety and conflict.

Denial

Refusal to accept reality or facts.

Displacement

Shifting emotional responses from the true target to a safer substitute.

Projection

Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else.

Rationalization

Justifying behaviors or feelings with logical reasons despite being actually motivated by irrational impulses.

Reaction formation

Transforming an unacceptable impulse into its opposite.

Regression

Reverting to behaviors characteristic of an earlier stage of development.

Repression

Unconsciously blocking unacceptable thoughts or impulses from awareness.

Sublimation

Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities.

Projective tests

Psychological tests that reveal aspects of an individual's personality through responses to ambiguous stimuli.

TAT

Thematic Apperception Test, a projective test that uses pictures to elicit stories from individuals.

Rorschach

A projective psychological test consisting of inkblots to assess personality structure.

Divisions of the mind

The three levels of awareness in Freud's model: unconscious, preconscious, conscious.

Divisions of personality

Freud's three components of personality: id, ego, superego.

Criticisms of Freud

Many argue Freud's theories lack empirical support and overemphasize sexual motivations.

Neo-Freudians

Psychologists who modified Freud's theories to include social and cultural factors in personality development.

Unconditional regard

An acceptance model involving genuineness, empathy, and acceptance in humanistic psychology.

Congruence

Alignment between the real self and the ideal self in personality.

Self concept

The perception one has of their own identity and personal worth.

Self-actualization

The realization of one's potential and personal growth.

Reciprocal determinism

The theory that behavior is influenced by personal factors and social environment.

Self-efficacy

Belief in one's own ability to succeed in specific situations.

Self-esteem

How one values themselves; a judgment of self-worth.

Internal locus of control

The belief that one can control their own outcomes.

External locus of control

The belief that external forces dictate outcomes.

Learned helplessness

A condition resulting from a perceived lack of control over events.

Big Five theory

A model outlining five key personality traits: Agreeableness, Openness, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability.

Agreeableness

A trait that reflects how friendly and compassionate a person is.

Openness to experience

A trait characterized by imaginative and open-minded behavior.

Extraversion

A trait that signifies a person's tendency to be outgoing and socially engaging.

Conscientiousness

A trait reflecting how organized, dependable, and disciplined an individual is.

Emotional Stability

A trait indicating how well a person can manage their emotions.

Personality inventories

Standardized questionnaires assessing various aspects of personality.

Eysenck’s personality axes

A model of personality structure based on dimensions like introversion/extraversion and neuroticism/stability.

Drive-reduction theory

Theory suggesting that motivation arises from biological drives seeking homeostasis.

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment.

Arousal theory

Theory proposing that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

Optimal level of arousal

The ideal point of intensity for peak performance or motivation.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Law stating that there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance.

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation driven by internal rewards.

Incentive theory

Theory postulating that motivation is influenced by external rewards.

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards or pressures.

Instincts

Innate biological patterns of behavior.

Sensation-seeking theory

Theory proposing that some individuals seek out novel and intense experiences.

Thrill seeking

A desire to engage in exciting and risky behaviors.

Adventure seeking

The pursuit of excitement through new and challenging experiences.

Disinhibition

The lack of restraint leading to impulsive behavior.

Hunger motivation

The drive to eat driven by physiological signals and learned cues.

Set point

The weight that the body naturally tends to maintain.

Metabolic rate

The rate at which the body uses energy.

Ghrelin

A hormone that stimulates appetite.

Leptin

A hormone that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger.

Hypothalamus

A brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating hunger and body temperature.

Pituitary gland

An endocrine gland that regulates various bodily functions, including growth and metabolism.

Influence of culture on taste

Cultural factors that shape individual preferences and aversions to food.

James Lange Theory

Theory suggesting that emotions result from our interpretations of bodily reactions.

Cannon Bard Theory

Theory proposing that emotions and physiological responses occur simultaneously.

Schachter Singer Two Factor Theory

Theory stating that emotion is based on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

Cognitive label

The mental label we place on physiological reactions to interpret emotions.

Facial-feedback hypothesis

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences.

Cognitive appraisal

The evaluation of a situation that determines emotional response.

Display rules

Culturally defined rules for expressing emotions.

General adaptation syndrome

The body's response to stress in three phases:

1. Alarm reaction Stage (sympathetic nervous system goes into fight or flight)

2. Resistance/adaptation stage (body tries to adapt to stress, endocrine system continues to secrete stress)

3. Exhaustion stage (body can no longer cope, resistance is depleted)

Divisions of the Nervous System

Framework of the nervous system that includes the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Ancel Keys study

Investigated effects of semi-starvation. Men volunteerly starved selves, living off of smallest about of food they could. Men became obsessed with food and lost interest in sex and activities.