Health Psych Exam 4

What was the effect of the introduction of distilled alcoholic beverages into 18th century England?

a. All social classes dramatically increased consumption of the new alcoholic beverages.

b. Consumption of distilled spirits rapidly decreased among the lower classes because of cost.

c. Widespread consumption and drunkenness increased among the richest social class.

d. Consumption and intoxication increased dramatically among the lower and working classes.

d

Alcohol consumption in the United States reached its peak during

a. the early 1800s.

b. the Civil War.

c. Prohibition.

d. World War II.

a

What was the effect of the passage of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution on alcohol consumption?

a. Illegal alcohol consumption increased among the rich who could afford the cost.

b. Consumption increased initially but decreased steadily afterwards.

c. Consumption decreased dramatically from previous levels.

d. There was no effect.

c

Over 20 years since the 1980s, per capita consumption of alcohol in the United States has

a. increased dramatically.

b. increased slightly.

c. been stable.

d. declined.

d

With regard to the consumption of alcohol in the United States, it is most accurate to say that about

a. 90% of adults drink and about one fourth abuse alcohol.

b. 75% of adults drink and about one tenth abuse alcohol.

c. 68% of adults drink and about 26% binge drink.

d. 90% of adults drink and about 5% abuse alcohol.

c

In the United States, people of this ethnic background tend to have the highest rates of binge drinking and heavy drinking.

a. European Americans

b. Hispanic Americans

c. African Americans

d. Native Americans

d

Which Amendment ended Prohibition in the United States?

a. The Eighteenth Amendment

b. The Twentieth Amendment

c. The Twenty-First Amendment

d. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment

c

What type of drinking is having 14 or more drinks per week for men or having 7 or more drinks per week for women?

a. Moderate drinking.

b. Regular drinking.

c. Binge drinking.

d. Heavy drinking.

d

Before the legal age of buying alcohol was raised to 21, more than 40% of adolescents aged 12–17 were current drinkers. What percentage of this age group were current drinkers in 1992?

a. 10%

b. 20%

c. 40%

d. 33%

b

What is the connection between education and regular alcohol consumption?

a. No relationship exists between educational level and consumption of alcohol.

b. People with high school diplomas but no college experience have the highest rate of regular alcohol consumption.

c. People with college diplomas have the highest rate of regular alcohol consumption.

d. People without a high school diploma have the highest rate of regular alcohol consumption.

c

Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase are

a. enzymes involved in the metabolism of alcohol.

b. used to convert hops into beer and grain into whiskey

c. found in fermented but not distilled alcoholic beverages.

d. toxic byproducts of excessive alcohol consumption.

a

Tolerance refers to

a. the property of a drug that requires increasingly higher levels to get the same effect.

b. the property of a drug that requires changes in the body's physical functions, making the drug necessary for normal functioning.

c. a strong psychological desire and craving for a drug.

d. the ability to tolerate large doses of drugs without impairment of psychological or physical abilities.

a

When a drug becomes incorporated into the functioning of the body's cells and thus becomes necessary for "normal" functioning, what has occurred?

a. Tolerance

b. Withdrawal

c. Death

d. Dependence

d

The combination of physiological dependence and withdrawal symptoms is usually referred to as

a. psychological dependence.

b. addiction.

c. tolerance.

d. psychological addiction.

b

Korsak off syndrome is sometimes found among long-term, heavy users of alcohol and is characterized by

a. nonfunctional scar tissue on the liver.

b. confusion, disorientation, and memory impairment.

c. excessive trembling, sweating, anxiety, and hallucinations.

d. high blood pressure and rapid, irregular heartbeat.

b

Ashley, who is a light to moderate drinker during pregnancy,

a. has a higher risk of having a child who has deficits in cognitive functioning.

b. has a higher risk of having a child who has conduct disorders in childhood.

c. has a higher risk of having a miscarriage or of having a stillbirth.

d. All of the above

d

Which of the following is an indirect effect of alcohol consumption?

a. The relationship between drinking and cirrhosis of the liver

b. A decrease in thiamin absorption through consuming alcohol

c. The relationship between drinking and motor vehicle crashes

d. An increased risk of fetal alcohol syndrome in pregnant women

c

Research indicates that alcohol consumption

a. causes lung cancer.

b. decreases high-density lipoprotein.

c. at any level reduces life expectancy.

d. promotes aggression.

d

In most studies of the relationship between drinking and mortality rate, a J-shaped or U-shaped relationship has been found. This pattern suggests that

a. moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers have a lower death rate than light drinkers.

b. light drinkers and moderate drinkers have a higher death rate than heavy drinkers.

c. light and moderate drinkers have a lower death rate than nondrinkers and heavy drinkers.

d. light drinkers and nondrinkers have a higher death rate than moderate and heavy drinkers.

c

Low to moderate levels of drinking may decrease the risk for ______________.

a. Alzheimer’s disease

b. automobile crashes

c. lung cancer

d. Korsakoff syndrome

a

What condition refers to the accumulation of nonfunctional scar tissue in the liver?

a. Jaundice

b. Cirrhosis

c. Liver cancer

d. Pancreatitis

b

Subject Q was involved in a fatal crash related to drinking. What is most likely true of subject Q?

a. She is a 24-year-old woman.

b. He is a 74-year-old man.

c. He is a 30-year-old man.

d. She is a 60-year-old woman.

c

All of the following are benefits of being a light to moderate alcohol drinker EXCEPT

a. lower chance of developing Type 2 diabetes.

b. decreased risk for Alzheimer’s disease.

c. lower risk of experiencing gallstones.

d. lower chance of hemorrhagic stroke.

d

What have epigenetic researchers concluded about the progression from alcohol use to alcohol abuse?

a. There is no genetic basis for predicting who is likely to abuse alcohol.

b. Alcohol abuse is exclusively due to genetic predisposition and does not relate to environmental factors.

c. Genetic predisposition to alcohol abuse can be triggered by life experiences and also be transmitted before birth.

d. Genetic predisposition to alcohol abuse can be triggered by life experiences but is not transmitted before birth

c

In contrast to psychologically-based treatment programs or treatment programs in Canada, Europe, and Australia, the US medical community tends to privilege _______________.

a. the disease model

b. the social learning model

c. the stress response dampening model

d. the tension reduction hypothesis

a

The balanced placebo design by Marlatt and his colleagues has been used to measure

a. withdrawal symptoms in the alcohol-dependent.

b. people's personal awareness of need to drink.

c. the role of expectancy in alcohol’s effects.

d. the heritability of alcohol dependence.

c

Hakim is torn between going out and getting a drink and stopping drinking altogether. What stage of the brain disease model is Hakim in?

a. Binge and intoxication

b. Self-regulation and susceptibility

c. Withdrawal and negative affect

d. Preoccupation and anticipation

d

Hakim is torn between going out and getting a drink and stopping drinking altogether. What stage of the brain disease model is Hakim in?

a. Binge and intoxication

b. Self-regulation and susceptibility

c. Withdrawal and negative affect

d. Preoccupation and anticipation

b

According to social learning theory, people begin to drink because

a. alcohol has pleasurable, and immediate, effects.

b. alcohol offers an escape from an unpleasant situation.

c. they see other people drinking and learn from them.

d. All of the above

d

As an explanation for why people drink, the tension reduction hypothesis has generally

a. been supported for men but not for women.

b. not been supported.

c. been supported for women but not for men.

d. been supported for both men and women.

b

As an explanation for why people drink, the tension reduction hypothesis has generally

a. been supported for men but not for women.

b. not been supported.

c. been supported for women but not for men.

d. been supported for both men and women.

d

Reviews of psychological interventions for problem drinking show

a. group therapy has been found to be more effective than individual therapy has been.

b. psychotherapeutic programs overall are more effective if they are of long duration.

c. cognitive behavioral therapies are the most consistently effective.

d. chemical treatments are necessary in conjunction with talk therapy.

c

Disulfiram is used in the treatment of alcohol abuse

a. due to its ability to treat liver damage.

b. by affecting GABA transmission.

c. because it produces unpleasant effects if combined with alcohol.

d. because it is associated with a therapy called counter conditioning.

c

For problem drinkers, most relapses occur how long after the end of the treatment program?

a. 1 week

b. 6 months

c. 1 year

d. 90 days

d

Mariah is a licensed professional counselor who has just begun working with people with alcohol abuse disorder. She read some studies on controlled drinking, and she plans to help people learn to control their rate of alcohol consumption. Mariah should know that

a. harm reduction has not been scientifically established as a valid treatment program.

b. controlled drinking is less successful with older people seeking treatment.

c. most treatment facilities in the United States do not support this goal.

d. treatment using harm reduction has been rejected in the United Kingdom.

c

Which neurotransmitter is involved in the effects of several drugs that affect brain function?

a. Dopamine

b. Epinephrine

c. Methylapoprobate

d. THC

a

All drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier

a. change brain chemistry.

b. have side effects.

c. alter perception.

d. All of the above

d

According to the FDA, Schedule I drugs have

a. low abuse potential but no accepted medical use.

b. high abuse potential and no accepted medical use.

c. low abuse potential and accepted medical use.

d. high abuse potential but accepted medical use.

b

Barbiturates are synthetic drugs that

a. are classified as steroids.

b. produce both tolerance and dependence.

c. have little or no tolerance, dependence, or withdrawal properties.

d. are taken recreationally as "stay awake” pills.

b

Near the end of a party at which Traci had been drinking heavily, someone offered her cocaine. By using cocaine and alcohol together,

a. Traci's body would produce cocaethylene, a potentially deadly chemical.

b. Traci was combining two depressants.

c. Traci was combining two stimulants.

d. Traci would find that the effects of each one of these canceled out the other.

a

The drug MDMA (“Ecstasy”) produces its effects by

a. prompting a massive release of serotonin.

b. slowing the release of GABA.

c. inhibiting the release of dopamine.

d. prompting neurons to release stored dopamine in greater than normal amounts.

a

What drug has some hallucinogenic properties but lacks most other characteristics of hallucinogens?

a. MDMA

b. Marijuana

c. Cocaine

d. Heroin

b

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the circular muscles that propel food through the digestive system is known as

acidic flow.

peristalsis.

voluntary digestion.

the esophagus.

b

Digestion of most types of nutrients occurs in the __________.

a. large intestine

b. small intestine

c. gall bladder

d. stomach

b

Which system of the body is plagued with more diseases and disorders than any other system?

a. Immune

b. Cardiovascular

c. Digestive

d. Reproductive

c

From the stomach, digested food passes into the

a. anus.

b. large intestine.

c. blood stream.

d. small intestine.

d

Levels of which of the following fall, when fat stores fall, and may provide a long-term signal to eat more?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Leptin

Ghrelin

Agouti-related peptide

b

Production of the peptide hormone cholecystokinin results in

a. depression, anxiety, and loss of energy.

b. feelings of hunger.

c. feelings of satiation.

d. a need to engage in physical activity.

c

The relationship between eating and weight maintenance is best described by which of the following statements?

a. A person who eats more than 3,000 calories a day will gain weight.

b. Metabolic rate is a factor in weight maintenance.

c. Weight gain is proportional to overeating.

d. Obese people eat fewer calories per day than people who are not obese.

b

The goal of Keys's project, begun during World War II, was to study

a. the optimum ratio of fat to lean body tissue in volunteers.

b. the effects of hunger and food deprivation.

c. the effects of set-point readjustment with drugs.

d. the rate of weight gain due to systematic overfeeding.

b

In Sims's studies on experimental overeating, some volunteers had trouble returning to their original weight after the experiment. This problem was associated with

a. family histories of diabetes.

b. a permanent change in blood glucose level.

c. a permanent change in set-point brought about by the overeating.

d. family histories of obesity.

d

Regarding eating and metabolism, research has shown that

a. overeating changes metabolism.

b. both overeating and undereating can change metabolism.

c. metabolism is set by genetics and thus cannot be changed.

d. undereating changes metabolism.

b

What levels would signal low fat stores, prompting a person to eat?

Low insulin

High leptin

High insulin

Low leptin

Obesity can result from

a. overeating.

b. slow metabolism.

c. too little physical activity.

d. All of the above

d

Carl is overweight. What is also likely true of Carl?

a. He reports to his doctor that he eats more than others.

b. He eats food with a high caloric density.

c. He is also obese.

d. He eats more food than is necessary.

b

The skinfold technique and bioelectrical impedance are inexpensive, if somewhat unreliable ways to measure

a. the percentage of body fat.

b. the metabolic activity of fat.

c. the ratio of height to body weight

d. the utilization of glucose by adipose tissue.

a

The body mass index (BMI)

a. is a measure of total weight.

b. is defined as body weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared.

c. considers both age and gender in calculating obesity.

d. is defined as a person's height (in meters) divided by body weight (in kilograms) squared.

b

Throughout most of history, being overweight

a. characterized economically marginalized people.

b. was a mark of prosperity.

c. was a sign of laziness.

d. was a signal of poor health.

b

An analysis of the women who have won the Miss America contest in the past century showed what percent of them in the underweight range?

a. 100%

b. 50%

c. 25%

d. 75%

a

Most people who see themselves as being overweight are

a. not at risk for increased mortality.

b. adolescents.

c. males.

d. overweight.

Researchers have suggested several reasons that obesity has increased in the United States over the past two decades. One possibility is that people are

a. decreasing their consumption of sugar.

b. increasing their consumption of meals at home.

c. increasing their percentages of dietary fat.

d. increasing their intake of fast foods and sodas.

d

After several weeks on a 500-calorie a day diet, Loraine is constantly hungry, tired, and not interested in much of anything. According to the set-point concept,

a. she is still above her set-point.

b. she has gone below her set-point.

c. these are the effects of damage to her hypothalamus.

d. she is losing too much muscle tissue.

b

The results of the studies on experimental starvation and experimental overeating

a. are consistent with the concept of set-point.

b. indicate that eating is a learned behavior.

c. suggest that eating is always pleasurable.

d. find eating relatively unimportant in most people’s lives.

a

The history of the human species has been marked mostly by shortages of food, 

a. which casts doubt on the positive incentive model.

b. which lends support to the concept of the set-point.

c. which casts doubt on the role of hormones in weight regulation.

d. which would make a “thrifty” metabolism a survival advantage.

d

Studies of adopted children and identical twins have found that

a. genetic factors are important in weight and fat distribution.

b. genetic factors are more important for women, and environmental factors are more important for men in determining weight.

c. environmental factors are more important than genetic factors in determining weight.

d. genetic factors are more important for men, and environmental factors are more important for women in determining weight.

a

According to the positive incentive model of weight control, 

a. people are motivated to eat more in cultures where being overweight is valued.

b. people will have difficulty weighing much more or less than their biologically determined weight range.

c. people’s motivations for eating include pleasure.

d. people are motivated to eat less in cultures where being underweight is valued.

c

Zendaya enjoys tasty food, and she will eat food she likes even when she isn't hungry. This eating pattern is most consistent with the _____.

a. set-point model

b. positive incentive model

c. psychodynamic model

d. behavior modification model

b

When humans or rats have a variety of tasty foods available,

a. both rats and humans increase their food intake.

b. humans increase their food intake, but rats do not.

c. food intake remains constant for both.

d. rats increase their food intake, but humans do not.

a

What range of BMI is defined as overweight?

a. 17.9 to 25

b. 30 to 45

c. 25 to  30

d. 25 to 29.9

d

During the 1990s, extreme obesity in American adults ______.

a. stayed the same 

b. decreased

c. tripled

d. more than doubled

d

Using BMI to define obesity and overweight, roughly what percentage of adults are overweight and obese in the United States?

a. 55%

b. 34%

c. 70%

d. 20%

c

One possible explanation as to why individuals have differing set-points is

a. age.

b. past success or failure at diets.

c. genetics.

d. ethnicity.

c

Research on sleep and weight has shown that __________.

a. insomnia precedes weight gain

b. short sleep duration precedes weight gain

c. a long sleep cycle precedes weight gain

d. taking many naps precedes weight gain

b

The pattern of risk factors called the metabolic syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT:

a. excessive abdominal fat.

b. cholesterol problems.

c. cardiovascular disease.

d. insulin resistance.

c

In general, the relationship between weight and poor health is

a. U-shaped.

b. direct—the heavier the person, the greater the risk for poor health.

c. S-shaped.

d. inverse—the heavier the person, the lower the risk for poor health.

a

Studies from the United States and Europe show that people begin to have a slightly higher risk for all-cause mortality when they are 

a. overweight. 

b. either extremely thin or extremely heavy.

c. underweight.

d. thin because they are also sick.

b

Bart’s 75-year-old grandfather is slightly overweight, and Bart wants to share his health concerns with him. Bart should first understand that

a. being slightly overweight may be less risky than being underweight at his age.

b. his grandfather is at a risk for all-cause mortality.

c. losing weight after age 60 doubles the risk for cardiovascular disease.

d. his grandfather likely has the risk factors consistent with metabolic syndrome.

a

Research has shown a positive relationship between obesity and

a. high blood pressure.

b. cardiovascular disease.

c. Type 2 diabetes.

d. All of the above

d

Which type of diet is the least nutritionally balanced?

a. A single food diet

b. A liquid diet

c. A ketogenic diet

d. A vegan diet

a

What is true of commercial-diet programs?

a. Most participants lost less than 5% of their body weight.

b. Program completion is nearly universal for participants.

c. They are not particularly effective for very overweight people.

d. Most participants lose more than 5% of their body weight.

a

Both low-carbohydrate diets and low-fat diets share which of the following drawbacks?

a. The risk for eating disorders.

b. Both are unhealthy.

c. Any weight loss is hard to maintain.

d. Neither produces weight loss.

c

Behavior modification programs for weight control usually

a. punish weight gain.

b. reinforce healthy eating habits.

c. punish unhealthy eating habits.

d. reinforce weight loss.

b

Exercise

a. is more effective combined with calorie restriction for weight loss.

b. is typically sufficient by itself to cause weight loss.

c. stimulates the appetite, which results in overeating and weight gain.

d. tends to increase the set-point, adjusting it upward.

a

What would you tell your friend who is overweight and wants your expert advice on the most effective and healthy way to lose weight?

a. "Exercise three times a week and eat more fruits and vegetables."

b. "Give up sweets for 6 weeks."

c. "Try an all-liquid diet."

d. "Cryolipolysis is safer than liposuction and a quick way to start fresh."

a

Most people who lose weight

a. lose it by taking diet pills.

b. continue a downward spiral of weight loss.

c. lose it independently.

d. maintain weight loss.

c

The safest and surest way to lose weight and be healthy is to

a. exercise.

b. eat healthily.

c. rely on diet pills.

d. both a and b, not c.

d

What approach to dieting seeks to remove a stigma from overweight?

a. Health at every size

b. Paleo diet

c. Veganism

d. Atkins diet

a

What did dieters do who lost twice as much weight as those on the same program that did not as per the result of a recent study?

a. Attended therapy sessions

b. Kept a diary

c. Exercised twice a week

d. Both a and c were found.

A review of commercial weight loss programs found that in a year or two, individuals are highly likely to ________.

a. keep losing more weight

b. regain 50% of lost weight

c. keep off their lost weight 

d. regain 10% of lost weight

b

Victoria has an eating disorder. Which of these is LEAST likely to be characteristic of her?

a. She has gained interest in sexual activity.

b. She has experienced violence in her family.

c. She is an adolescent.

d. She has lost hair on her head.

a

Although individual differences exist among people with anorexia, people at the highest risk are

a. young females.

b. older females.

c. gender fluid.

d. gay males.

a

Chris has recently developed an eating disorder. Which of these is LEAST likely to be a characteristic of Chris?

a. Chris hates to exercise.

b. Chris is a woman in her 60s.

c. Chris is a gay man.

d. Chris is ambitious.

b

Males with anorexia tend to differ from females with anorexia in terms of

a. social class.

b. what each believes an ideal body shape looks like.

c. prognosis.

d. what is an effective treatment.

b

The immediate aim of treatment programs for people with anorexia is usually

a. weight restoration.

b. better relationships with parents.

c. healthy weight loss.

d. increased self-esteem.

a

People with anorexia and people with bulimia are similar in many ways, including

a. increased sexual promiscuity.

b. having a lack of impulse control.

c. feeling dissatisfied with their bodies.

d. All of the above

c

What percentage of people in the United States likely have symptoms of bulimia?

a. 0–2%

b. 4–7%

c. 9–12%

d. 7–9%

b

Tran has bulimia and is 13. What treatment will likely be best for her?

a. Family-based cognitive behavioral therapy

b. Prescription drugs

c. Cognitive behavioral therapy independent of her family

d. Interpersonal psychotherapy

a

What is true of eating disorders and gender?

a. Bulimia is more common in males than in females.

b. Anorexia is more common in males than bulimia is.

c. Binge eating is the most common eating disorder among males.

d. Binge eating disorder is more common in males than in females.

c

Overeating is the sole cause of obesity.

True

False

False

The body mass index (BMI) considers neither gender nor body frame.

True

False

True