Phonological and Articulation Disorders Quiz 1

what are phonetics?

study of acoustic and physiological aspects of speech production.
3 Branches include:
- articulatory (how articulators are moving)
- acoustic (acoustic properties)
- perceptual (how people perceive speech)

what is phonology?

study the speech sound patterns (system) of a language
- focused on the rules (what's allowed to exist in terms of speehc in one langauge vs another)

what are phonotactics?

rules that govern what sound combinations are allowed within a language

why is IPA beneifical?

gives us 1:1 speech sound to symbol representation
- eliminates confused ethat is caused by orthography.

what is a phoneme

smallest meaningful unit of sound
- can change the meaning of the word

what is a minimal pair?

changing one phoneme with another in the same place
- Bat and Cat
- Bat and Bet
- Bat and Bad

what is an allophone?

variation of phoneme that does not change the meaning (same phoneme just sounds different in different words)
- /t/ in "top" vs. "stop"

what is a free variation (allophone)?

not constrained by phonetic environment
- happen because of individual speaker differences/dialect
-/t/ in "butter" can be a flap, a soft /d/, or a /t/

what is complementary distribution (allophone)

constrained by phonetic context.
- happens naturally
- /p/ in "pit" vs "spit" (aspirated vs unaspirated)

what is a morpheme?

smallest unit of language with meaning
- ie "run"

what are morphophonemics

how sounds are combined to form morphemes
- /s/ in "dogs" vs "cats" -
g = voiced so /s/ is voiced in dogs,
t = voiceless so /s/ is voiceless in cats.

what are free morphemes?

can stand alone
- jump, teach, wonder

what are bound morphemes?

- attachments to words
- inflectional = grammatical element (-ed), (-s)
- derivational = change meaning (-ness), (-ly), (-tion)

broad vs narrow transcription

- broad = transcribe phonemes
- narrow = transcribe allophones using diacritical markers. Captures minor variations in speech that can be caused by dialect, speech sound disorders, or
coarticulation (overlapping of speech sounds)

basic information about vowels (4)

- most sonorant (loudest, more acoustic energy) of speech sounds
- syllabic nuclei (required part of a syllable)
- no obstruction in the oral cavity)
- sound source is vocal fold vibration (all vowels are voiced)

basic information about consonants

- less sonorant
- produced with a block/constriction in oral cavity

classification of consonants

- place: location of constriction in vocal tract
- manner: the way the air flows through vocal tract
- voicing: presence or absence of vocal fold vibration

nasals, liquids, and glides are all....

SONORANTS -voiced

stops, fricatives, and affricates are all....

obstruents - sound source is turbulence in oral cavity

/p/

voiceless bilabial stop

/f/

voiceless labiodental fricative

/b/

voiced bilabial stop

/v/

voiced labiodental fricative

/t/

voiceless alveolar stop

/s/

voiceless alveolar fricative

/θ/

voiceless interdental fricative

/k/

voiceless velar stop

/h/

voiceless glottal fricative

/w/

voiced labiovelar glide

/j/

voiced palatal glide

/ð/

voiced interdental fricative

/d/

voiced alveolar stop

/z/

voiced alveolar fricative

/ʃ/

voiceless palatal fricative

/n/

voiced alveolar nasal

/m/

voiced bilabial nasal

/g/

voiced velar stop

/ʒ/

voiced palatal fricative

/dʒ/

voiced alveolar affricate

/ŋ/

voiced velar nasal

/l/

voiced alveolar liquid

/ɹ/

voiced palatal liquid

/tʃ/

voiceless palatal affricate

/ʔ/

voiceless glottal stop

what is a velar sound?

tongue touches velum (soft palate)

what is a glottal sound?

vocal folds coming together

what is a stop?

complete blockage of airflow by an abrupt

what is a fricative?

continuous airflow through a narrow constriction

what is an affricate?

stop + fricative
- complete closure of air followed by a narrow release of air

what is a nasal?

all the resonance happens in the nasal cavity, velum is closed

what is a liquid

- /l/ air is flowing out the sides
- /r/ some constriction in the oral cavity (free air flow)

what is a glide

semi-vowels: as open as you can be without being a vowel
- gliding of articulators during production to modify the air flow.

what is a cognate pair? examples?

phonemes that are the same in place and manner but differ in voicing
- /t/ /d/
- /p/ /b/
- /k/ /g/
- /θ/ /ð/
- /f/ /v/
- /ʃ/ /ʒ/
- /tʃ/ /dʒ/

how are vowels classified?

1. Tongue Height (high, mid, low)
2. Tongue Advancement (front, central, back)
3. Tense/Lax (lax vowels =short)
4. Lip roundedness/unroundedness

what are the two stressed vowels?

/ɝ/ -girl, birth, thirsty

/ʌ/ - hut, but, mother, ugly, wonderful

what are the two unstressed vowels?

/ɚ/ - mother, water, wonderful

/ə/ - behind, unusual, above

what is a syllable shape?

the general combination of consonants and vowels allowed to exist in a syllable ie CVCC
- syllable must have a vowel

what is a cluster?

2 or more consonants

what are open syllables? closed?

open - ends w/ vowel
closed - ends w/ one or more consonants

what are syllables useful for?

discussing lexical stress and speech errors

how can a syllable be divided?

- onset (anything before vowel)
- rhyme = nucleus and coda
- nucleus = sonorant peak (vowels)
- coda = optional (consonants after vowels, onset favored)

what are the three characteristics of stressed syllables?

- longer
- louder
- higher pitch
- marked with ' BEFORE ONSET

types of stress in two syllable words:

trochaic: strong-weak
- apple, magic, costume

lambic: weak-strong
- reward, apply, belong

differs with language

types of languages (when it comes to stress) (3)

- stress-timed languages (english): stress syllables more prominent
- syllable-timed languages (french)
-Mora-timed languages (japenese)

what is intelligibility?

the extent to which someone can be understood by a naive listener
- ecologically valid because it reflects what is happening in real life