Unit 2 AP HG

Vocab from Mr. Sinn's Unit 2 Review video.

Physical factors

Climate, weather patterns, landforms, bodies of water, natural resources

Human factors

Economic, cultural, historic, political aspects

Migration of people influenced by

past trade routes, historical events, political boundaries, former empires

Population distribution

the spread of people in an area (dispersed or clustered)

Population density

The amount of people in an area

Arithmetic Density

how densely populated a place is

Physiological density

the pressure that a population exerts on the environment to feed it (total pop./ amount of arable land)

Agricultural Density

amount of farmers/ amount of arable land

What does low agricultural density mean?

more technological advancement, more work done by machine

Higher population density

greater political power and representation (more goods and services, labor market, opportunities).

Lower population density

lack specialized services, must import goods. lower cost of living and more community

Urban sprawl

The unrestricted growth and expansion of an urban or suburban area into the surrounding countryside (harmful to green spaces).

Carrying capacity

the amount of people that can be supported by the environment without damaging it

High density places vs low density places carrying capactiy

high density: might exceed carrying capacity and cause damage

low density: more undisturbed areas

Population pyramid stages of life

pre reproductive, reproductive, post reproductive

Top heavy pyramid

aging population; increased health care

Bottom heavy pyramid

young population, growing workforce

Sex ratio

(male births/female births)*100

Dependency Ratio

(pre reproductive + post reproductive)/ (working age) *100

Child Dependency Ratio

(children/working age)*100

Elderly Dependency

(65+/working age)*100

Crude Birth Rate

live births per 1000 people

Crude Death Rate

deaths per 1000 people

Natural Increase Rate

CBR-CDR

Doubling time

amount of time it takes for a country to double in size (high NIR)

Total Fertility rate

average number of children per woman

Replacement level

2.1 TFR

Infant Mortality Rate

death of children under 1 per 1000 people

What increases life expectancy, decreases TFR, IMR, and NIR

Women’s education

Why do primary sector families tend to have more kids?

kids are economic assets that help out on the farm

Ways to decrease a country’s growth rate

women’s rights, family planning, contraceptives, adequate education

Stage 1 Demographic Transition Model

High CBR and CDR, low NIR. Majority of population in subsistence farming. Limits women’s education. Seasonal migration. Low medical knowledge.

Stage 2 Demographic Transition Model

Brought on by the Industrial Revolution. High CBR but low CDR. Explosion in NIR thanks to technological advancements and hygiene practices. Relocation to urban areas. Subsistence to commercial agriculture.

Stage 3 Demographic Transition Model

Declining CBR and CDR, NIR continues to climb. Medical technology lowers IMR while family sizes decrease. Urban areas experience growth and family size decreases because of less space. More jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

Stage 4 Demographic Transition Model

Low CBR and CDR, NIR stabilizes and achieves ZPG (zero population growth). Women’s rights and robust health care system. More people move into suburbs. Migrants from less developed countries move to these countries.

Stage 5 DTM

CBR falls below replacement level and NIR decreases. Does not take into account migration.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

causes of death for each stage of DTM

Stage 1 ETM

Pestilence, Famine, Death

Stage 2 ETM

Fewer deaths and receding pandemics

Stage 3 ETM

Degenerative diseases (chronic)

Stage 4 ETM

fighting/delaying degenerative diseases

Stage 5 ETM

Resurgence of Infectious Disease

Thomas Malthus

English Economist and Industrial Revolution England (stage 2 DTM). Developed the Malthusian theory.

Malthusian theory

Production of food increases linearly, population increases geometrically. When the two lines cross, a Malthusian catastrophe will occur in which the population surpasses the food supply resulting in famine.

Did Malthus’s theory turn out to be true?

No, because as countries developed their food production increased.

Neo Malthusian theory

As our population continues to grow we will eventually deplete Earth’s natural resources.

Pro-Natalist Policies

Policies created to increase a society’s birth rate (propaganda, tax incentives, family planning, removal of barriers).

Anti-Natalist Policies

Designed to decrease societies birth rate. (Law, barriers, contraceptive)

Education for women decreases:

IMR and maternal mortality rate

Ravensteins law of migration

A set of theories that describe migration patterns, including that migrants tend to move short distances and to urban areas, international migrants are usually young males without families, and usually migrate for economic reasons. Urban areas primary source of growth is migration rather than births.

Counter stream

When someone migrates to a new place, they connect their original location to that place

Dependency Ratio

(children+seniors)/working age population x100

Child Dependency Ratio

children/working age population x100

Elderly Dependency Ratio

Elderly/working age population x100

Higher Elderly Dependency Ratio

Less people are working and paying into the system. At the same time they are accessing their retirement funds and more healthcare services are needed. Eventually birthrates and growth rate drops.

Pull Factors

Positive situations, conditions, factor, that pull people to a location

Push Factors

Negative situations, conditions, and factors that make people want to leave a location.

Economic push factors

Higher cost of living, economic instability, no jobs

Economic pull factors

Business opportunities, less taxes, variety of goods and services

Political push factors

persecution, discrimination, no political freedom, unstable government

Political pull factors

Better government services, protection of rights, stability and freedom

Social push factors

Religious/cultural persecution, lack of social services, discrimination

Social pull factors

Helath care, education, acceptance of different cultures

Environmental push factors

natural disasters, pollution, unfavorable climates

Environmental pull factors

Favorable climates, less pollution, more resources

Intervening Obstacles

Negative situations or events that prevent migrants from reaching their final destination.

Intervening Opportunities

Positive situations that hinder migrants from reaching their final destination

Forced Migration

Human trafficking, child labor, child soldiers, slavery

Refugee

A person who is forced to flee their country due to persecution, war, or violence.

Internally Displaced Person

A person who is forced to leave their home but remains within their country's borders due to conflict, natural disasters, or persecution.

Transnational Migration

form of voluntary migration, settle in areas with similar cultural values

Chain Migration

When legal immigrants sponsor a family member to migrate

Remittance

money sent home by guest workers

Step Migration

migrants make stops due to intervening obstacles or opportunities

Transhumance Migration

migration that is cyclical and revolves around seasonal movement of livestock

Intraregional vs Interregional Migration

Intra: within the same region

Inter: from one region to another

Increased immigration leads to

increased knowledge and workforce, more economic output

Acculturation

Adopting different cultural traits of another culture and modifying initial culture.

Assimilation

When a minority completely adopts dominant culture and loses original culture

Syncretism

The blending of elements from different cultures to create new cultural practices or beliefs.