Exam 4 Study Guide: Punishment, War, and Global Justice

Flashcards covering key theories of punishment, just war criteria, legal cases, and global economic ethics concepts from chapters 17, 18, 13, and 15.

Retributive Justice

A theory of punishment where offenders are given what they deserve based on justice as desert, associated with Immanuel Kant and the principle of Lex talionis.

Lex talionis

A core idea in retributive justice often referred to as "an eye for an eye."

Deterrence

A utilitarian reasoning for punishment aimed at preventing future crime, emphasizing social safety and overall harm reduction.

Restorative Justice

An approach associated with Angela Davis that focuses on repairing harm, reintegration, and decarceration.

M’Naghten Rule

A legal standard stating that a person is not responsible for an act if they did not understand the act itself or its wrongness.

Furman v. Georgia

A landmark case in $1972$ that instituted a moratorium on the death penalty.

Michelle Alexander

The author associated with the "Birdcage" metaphor, representing interconnected systems of racial control in structural racism.

Jus ad Bellum

A category of Just War Theory concerning the right to go to war, requiring just cause, legitimate authority, last resort, probability of success, and proportionality.

Jus in Bello

A category of Just War Theory concerning conduct in war, emphasizing discrimination (civilian immunity) and proportionality of force.

Principle of Double Effect

An ethical principle applied in war when the target is legitimate and civilian harm is unintended but foreseen.

Nuremberg Trials

Trials held after World War II that established war crimes and introduced the concept of crimes against humanity.

Strict Egalitarianism

An idea of justice where everyone receives an equal share regardless of their individual contribution.

Formal Equality

The concept of treating everyone exactly the same.

Substantive Equality

The adjustment of treatment or rules for disadvantage to achieve equal outcomes.

Brown v. Board of Education

A landmark case ruling that "separate but equal" educational facilities are unconstitutional.

Singer’s Drowning Child Argument

A utilitarian framework claiming that distance is morally irrelevant and we owe the same duty to distant strangers as to those nearby.

Pogge’s Global Resource Dividend

A proposal suggesting that affluent nations should compensate the global poor for the use of resources.

Hardin’s Lifeboat Ethics

An ethical perspective arguing that wealthy nations risk total collapse if they provide too much aid, critiquing open-border policies.

Respatialization

A globalization term referring to how global spaces transcend traditional borders.

G20

An international forum that manages approximately $80\%$ of world trade.