Production of Biomass and Bioenergy

Flashcards about Biomass and Bioenergy production.

Photosynthetic Process

Reactions: light-dependent and light-independent (Calvin cycle).

CO2 Fixation

First stage of CO2 assimilation.

3-phosphoglycerate reduction

Second stage of CO2 assimilation.

Regeneration of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate

Third stage of CO2 assimilation.

RuBisCO

Catalyzes condensation of O2 with ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate.

Carbon assimilation in C4 plants

Involves CO2 capture (mesophyll cells) and RuBisCO activity (bundle sheath cells) spacial separation.

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants

Plants growing in very hot and dry environments. Separates the initial trapping of CO2 and its fixation by RuBisCO over time.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds structurally diversified and widespread in plant based biomass materials functioning in energy supply, structure, cellular recognition, and cellular adhesion.

Monosaccharides

Polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones that can not be depolymerized and that can be present in a linear or cyclic form.

Enantiomers

Non superposable images

Pyranose hemiacetal ring

Formed from the intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the hydroxyl oxygen atom attached to C-5 on the carbonyl group of D-glucose .

Furanoses ring anomers

Formed from D-fructose.

Anomeric carbon

carbon of Pyranoses and Furanoses

Conformations for b-D-glucopyranose

Boat and chair

Equatorial positioning

Conformations bearing a higher number of voluminous groups in equatorial positioning are favoured

Lignin

Acts as a natural resin that binds cells together, strengthens cell walls, and protects against insects and microorganisms. Polymer derived from phenylpropane

Pectin

Cell wall polysaccharide component

Hemicellulose

Cell wall polysaccharides that are neither cellulose nor pectin and have β-(1→4)-linked backbones of glucose, mannose or xylose linked in equatorial configuration.

Glucuronoxylans

The most common hemicellulose in the secondary walls of hardwoods.

Arabinoglucuronoxylans

The most common hemicellulose in the primary and secondary walls of grasses and the second most common hemicellulose in the secondary walls of softwoods.

Arabinoxylans

Backbone composed of uncharged xylan residues with 2- and/or 3-linked arabinose side groups and are Common in cereal grains

Xyloglucans

Present in the primary cell walls of all land plants and scarcely present in secondary cell walls.Backbone composed of b-1,4-D-glucose with 1,6-linked xylose residues

Extractives

Include resins, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and others. Protection against insects and microorganisms