apush economic revolution and intellectual movements vocab

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Francis Cabot Lowell

invented the factory system cut costs by increased output by using machines housed under one roof

Waltham Plan

strategy to new and cheaper source of labor in the 1820s; the boston manufacturing company labor system which recruited thousands of young women from farm families to work in textile factories; provided room and board with evening lectures and cultural activities with strict curfews, no alcohol and regular church attendance

Lowell, Massachusetts

Grew to be the second largest city in New England with the arrival of the Boston Manufacturing Company. Famous historical site where women worked in mills and slept in company boarding houses. Located on the Merrimack River.

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields

Interchangeable Parts

identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing. first seen in the cotton gin.

National Trades Union

Began to seek better wages, working conditions, and job security - resented bankers and owners

Working Men's Parties

nicknamed the "Workies", founded in 1828, was the first labor union in the United States, located in Philadelphia. They promoted free public education as a way out of poverty. They also demanded a 10-11 hour work period and universal male suffrage. The _________________ was created to "promote the interests and enlightenment of the working classes." Their main purpose was to provide financial support to journeymen striking against their masters.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

1842 - Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. The case was the first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members.

Labor Theory of Value

Theory that the value of any produced good or service is equal to the amount of labor used, directly or indirectly, to produce it.

National Road

A federally funded road, stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois. Reduced transportation costs and time.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Transportation Revolution

improvements in: roads-enabled settlers and merchants to reach the west, boats-steamboat made commercial agriculture feasible in the West, canals (eerie canal)-connected large cities to each other and made it easier to trade, railroads-connected burgeoning cities to rivers and canals

Samuel F.B. Morse

invented the telegraph, Morse code

Henry Clay's American System

Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transporation system

Nativism

the belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners

Know Nothing Party

Secret Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840's and early 1850's. Officially called the American Party

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Henry David Thoreau

American writer. A seminal figure in the history of American thought, he spent much of his life in Concord, Massachusetts, where he became associated with the New England transcendentalists and lived for two years on the shore of Walden Pond (1845-1847). His works include "Civil Disobedience" (1849) and Walden (1854).

Walden

written by Henry David Thoreau; a personal account of his life spent in a cabin on the edge of Walden Pond, where he lived simply and found truth

"On Civil Disobedience"

An essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849. In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.

Margaret Fuller

Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".

The Dial

the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom", "progress in philosophy and theology . . . and hope that the future will not always be as the past."

Louisa May Alcott

Grew up in Concord, Massachusetts in the bosom of transcendentalism. Worked as a seamstress, governess, teacher and housemaid until her writing finally brought her success. Wrote Little Women

James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans

influential 19th-century novelist who wrote the Last of the Mohicans, seen as his masterpiece; it was about Indian relations during the French and Indian War

Herman Melville, Moby Dick

Wrote Moby Dick (1851) about a Captain Ahab who seeks revenge on the white whale that crippled him but ends up losing his life, his ship, and his crew. Wasn't popular at the time but now highly regarded. Melville rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny. His views were not popular at the time, but were accepted by later generations.

Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, The Blithedale Romance

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-trascendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A". Blithedale Romance was inspired by Brook Farm

Brook Farm

utopian society established by transcendentalist George Ripley near Boston in 1841; members shared equally in farm work and leisure discussions of literature and art. Author Nathaniel Hawthorne and others become disenchanted with the experiment, and it collapsed after a fire in 1847.

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839). Scary Gothic writer.

Washington Irving

Romanticist Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

American poet that was influenced somewhat by the transcendentalism occurring at the time. He was important in building the status of American literature.

Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass

Leaves of Grass (1855) was his first volume of poetry. He broke away from the traditional forms and content of New England poetry by describing the life of working Americans and using words like "I reckon", "duds", and "folks". He loved people and expressed the new democracy of a nation finding itself. He had radical ideas and abolitionist views - Leaves of Grass was considered immoral. Patriotic.

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America

came from France to America in 1831. He observed democracy in government and society. His book (written in two parts in 1835 and 1840) discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals.

Lyceum Movement

Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly every state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement was directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning.

Hudson River School of Art

In about 1825, a group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Mystical overtones.