Philosophy terms quiz 2

Expert

Someone with extensive knowledge, experience, and qualifications in a particular field, making their claims more reliable.

Non-Expert

A person lacking specialized knowledge or credentials in a given field, making their claims less authoritative.

Backround Information

The set of widely accepted facts and knowledge that helps assess the credibility of new claims.

Fallacious Appeal to Authority

Relying on an authority who lacks relevant expertise, misrepresenting expertise, or assuming authority guarantees truth.

Impairmnet

A physical, cognitive, or perceptual limitation that affects judgment or reliability of observations.

Expectation

A preconceived belief that can shape perception, leading to cognitive biases and misinterpretations.

Innumeracy and Probability

The inability to understand and apply basic mathematical and statistical principles, leading to poor reasoning about probability.

Gambler's Fallacy

The mistaken belief that past random events affect the probability of future independent events (e.g., "I've lost five times, so I must win soon").

Homophily

The tendency of individuals to associate with others who share similar beliefs, leading to ideological echo chambers.

Filter Bubbles

Personalized digital environments created by algorithms that reinforce preexisting beliefs by limiting exposure to diverse viewpoints.

Fake News

False or misleading information presented as legitimate news, often intended to deceive or manipulate.

Pizzagate

A widely debunked conspiracy theory that falsely claimed a child-trafficking ring was run out of a pizza restaurant, demonstrating the dangers of misinformation.

Lies

Deliberate false statements made to deceive others.

Bias

A systematic tendency to favor certain viewpoints or interpretations, often unconsciously.

Propaganda

Information, often biased or misleading, used to promote a political cause or agenda.

Opinions

Subjective beliefs or judgments that may not be backed by evidence or logical reasoning.

Hoaxes

Deliberate deceptions or fabrications designed to mislead an audience.

Satire

The use of humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize or expose societal flaws, often mistaken for real news.

Reasonable Skepticism

The practice of questioning claims and requiring sufficient evidence before accepting them.

Reading Laterally

A method of fact-checking by cross-referencing multiple sources rather than relying on a single one.

Reading Critically

Evaluating texts for logic, credibility, and biases rather than accepting them at face value.

Checking One's Bias

The practice of reflecting on one's own predispositions to ensure more objective reasoning.

Google

A powerful search engine that can be used for research, but one must critically evaluate its results for reliability.

Wikipedia

A crowdsourced online encyclopedia that provides useful information but requires verification due to potential inaccuracies.

Objectivity

The pursuit of truth and facts without personal bias or emotional influence.

Liberal and Conservative Bias

The tendency of individuals or media outlets to favor left-leaning (liberal) or right-leaning (conservative) perspectives.

Advertising

The practice of promoting products or ideas, often using persuasive techniques that can be misleading.

Identification

The psychological process of associating oneself with a particular group, belief, or ideology, influencing perception.

Slogans

Short, catchy phrases used in marketing or politics to create a memorable and persuasive message, often oversimplifying issues.

Misleading Comparisons

Comparisons that distort reality by leaving out important context, often used in advertising and political rhetoric.

Weasel Words

Vague or ambiguous terms used to mislead or create an impression of truth without concrete evidence (e.g., "many experts say...").

Paid Search Ads

Advertisements that appear at the top of search engine results due to financial sponsorship rather than organic relevance.

Native Advertising

Sponsored content designed to blend in with regular news or editorial content, making it difficult to distinguish from unbiased information.

Cognitive Dissonance

The mental discomfort experienced when holding contradictory beliefs or encountering evidence that challenges one's worldview.

Negative Partisanship

Political behavior driven more by opposition to the other party than by support for one's own.

Partisan Blindness

The inability to recognize flaws in one's own political ideology while exaggerating those in opposing views.

Blue Pill Thinking

A metaphor derived from The Matrix, referring to the choice of remaining in comfortable ignorance rather than confronting difficult truths.

Whataboutism

A rhetorical technique that deflects criticism by pointing out flaws in an opponent's argument rather than addressing the issue at hand.

Motivism

The fallacy of dismissing arguments by attributing them solely to personal motives rather than engaging with their content.

Appeal to Personal Certainty

The fallacy of assuming one's personal conviction or intuition is sufficient proof of a claim, regardless of evidence.