Geology 111 (Chapter 18)

What settings are required for the formation of oil and natural gas?

If temperatures of the kerogen are greater than 90°C but lower than 160°C, the kerogen is transformed into oil and natural gas. At temperatures higher than this, only natural gas(literally a gas that's a hydrocarbon) or graphite is formed. This temperature range is known as the "oil window".

Once oil/gas have formed how do they move?

After oil and natural gas were formed, they tended to migrate through tiny pores in the surrounding rock. Some oil and natural gas migrated all the way to the surface and escaped.

What are the differences in peat, lignite, bituminous coal and anthracite coal?

These classifications are based on the amount of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen present in the coal. ... In the process of transformation (coalification), peat is altered to lignite, ligniteis altered to sub-bituminous, sub-bituminous coal is altered to bituminous coal, and bituminous coal is altered to anthracite

How is coal mined?

strip mining and underground mining

What is reclaimed land and why is it important to do this?

Land reclamation contributes to the maintenance and improvement of soil fertility, growth of crop capacity, rise of farming sustainability, mitigation of the effect of climate and weather fluctuations on production capacity.

What is positive about using nuclear energy?

Nuclear energy protects air quality by producing massive amounts of carbon-free electricity.

What is negative about using nuclear energy?

produce radioactive waste that must be securely stored so it doesn't pollute the environment

Which types of uranium are necessary to produce nuclear energy

U-235

Hydroelectric dams pros vs cons

Pros: Renewable energy source, Pairs well with other renewables,Can meet peak electricity demand
Cons: Some adverse environmental impact, Expensive up-front, Lack of available reservoirs

Tidal currents?

occur in conjunction with the rise and fall of the tide. The vertical motion of the tides near the shore causes the water to move horizontally, creating currents.

How are cement and limestone produced?

to make Portland cement—the most common type of cement—powdered limestone is heated in a rotary kiln. As a source of calcium, it joins with powdered clay to produce a product called clinker, which is then ground with a source of sulfate, like gypsum. It is mixed with water, sand and crushed rock to create concrete.

What is difference in cement versus sand?

Concrete is a mixture of water, cement, sand just like mortar. However concrete also has gravel and other coarse aggregates that makes it stronger and more durable. ... Mortar, which is a mixture of water, cement, and sand, has a higher water-to cement ratio than concrete.

What makes up sheetrock and plaster?

Drywall (also known as plasterboard, wallboard, sheet rock, gypsum board, buster board, custard board, or gypsum panel) is a panel made of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum), with or without additives, typically extruded between thick sheets of facer and backer paper, used in the construction of interior walls and ...

· How is sand, gravel and crushed rock used?

These materials--sand, gravel, crushed stone, and lightweight aggregate--are known collectively as aggregate. By definition, aggregate is a construction material that is hard and inert (that is, it does not react chemically with materials around it). It is used to make concrete, mortar, asphalt, or similar products.

What are some of the uses of salt?

Salt has long been used for flavoring and for preserving food. It has also been used in tanning, dyeing and bleaching, and the production of pottery, soap, and chlorine. Today, it is widely used in the chemical industry.

How is phosphate rock used?

Some phosphate rock is used to make calcium phosphatenutritional supplements for animals. ... Pure phosphorus is used to make chemicals for use in industry. The most important use of phosphate rock, though, is in the production of phosphate fertilizers for agriculture.