Stress, Abnormal Psychology, and Therapies

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Vocabulary flashcards covering core terms from lecture material on stress, psychological disorders, and therapeutic approaches.

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138 Terms

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Stress

The physical and psychological response to a situation that threatens or appears to threaten one’s well-being.

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Stressor

Any internal or external event that triggers a stress response.

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Acute Stressor

A short-term, finite stressful situation (e.g., writing finals).

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Chronic Stressor

A long-term stressor with no clear end (e.g., poverty).

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Frustration

Emotion felt when something blocks goal attainment.

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Pressure

Expectation or demand that one should act in a certain way.

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Conflict

Discomfort produced by two or more incompatible goals or impulses.

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Approach-Approach Conflict

Stress involving a choice between two desirable options.

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Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Stress caused by choosing between two undesirable options.

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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Stress involving one option with both positive and negative aspects.

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Endangered

Feeling life-threatened; triggers strong stress.

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Daily Hassles

Minor everyday irritations that accumulate to cause stress.

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Life Changes

Major events requiring adjustment (e.g., marriage, illness).

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Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

Instrument that assigns life-change units to events to estimate stress load.

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Traumatic Event

Unexpected disruptive incident such as disaster or violence.

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Anxiety disorder marked by persistent memories and hyper-arousal after trauma.

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Chronic Negative Situation

Ongoing adverse condition (e.g., dangerous neighborhood).

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Socio-Cultural Conditions

Stressors arising from prejudice, discrimination, or acculturation.

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Stereotype Threat

Stressful vigilance felt by minorities during cross-group interactions.

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Fight-or-Flight Response

Sympathetic and endocrine reactions preparing the body to combat or escape danger.

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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Selye’s three-stage stress response: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

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Alarm Stage

Initial fight-or-flight activation in GAS.

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Resistance Stage

Body attempts to stabilize while remaining alert to stressor.

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Exhaustion Stage

Energy depleted; vulnerability to illness rises.

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Primary Appraisal

Initial evaluation of how threatening a stressor is.

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Secondary Appraisal

Assessment of resources and ability to cope with a stressor.

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Autonomic Reactivity

Individual differences in intensity of ANS response to stress.

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Explanatory Style

Habitual way of interpreting events as optimistic or pessimistic.

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Hardy Personality

Stress-resistant style marked by control, commitment, and challenge.

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Type A Personality

Competitive, impatient, hostile style linked to higher stress and heart risk.

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Type B Personality

Relaxed, less aggressive style with lower stress levels.

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Type C Personality

Cooperative but repressive style; difficulty expressing negatives; higher cancer risk.

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Type D Personality

Distressed, worrisome, socially inhibited style affecting health.

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Social Support

Perceived comfort, caring, and assistance from others that buffers stress.

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Coping

Efforts to manage, reduce, or tolerate stress.

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Problem-Focused Coping

Direct actions aimed at removing or altering a stressor.

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Emotion-Focused Coping

Changing emotional reaction to a stressor rather than the stressor itself.

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Cognitive Reappraisal

Re-interpreting a situation to make it less upsetting.

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Psychoneuroimmunology

Field studying links among stress, immune function, and health.

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Immune System

Organs, tissues, and cells defending the body against invaders.

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Lymphocytes

White blood cells crucial to immune defense.

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Cortisol

Stress hormone that suppresses immune functioning.

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Cytokines

Proteins that promote inflammation; elevated by chronic stress.

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Eustress

Optimal, beneficial level of stress that promotes growth.

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Inoculation

Exposure to mild stress to build resilience to later stress.

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Abnormal Psychology

Scientific study of psychological disorders and mental illness.

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Deviance

Behavior that differs from societal norms.

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Distress

Personal suffering caused by symptoms.

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Dysfunction

Impairment in daily functioning due to symptoms.

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Danger

Risk of harm to self or others posed by symptoms.

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International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)

WHO system used worldwide to classify disorders.

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

APA manual providing criteria for over 200 mental disorders.

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Diagnosis

Clinician’s identification of a disorder based on symptoms.

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Comorbidity

The presence of two or more disorders in the same person.

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Neuroscience Model

View that mental disorders arise from brain malfunction and biology.

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Psychodynamic Model

Approach attributing disorders to unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood.

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Cognitive-Behavioral Model (CBT)

Theory that maladaptive thoughts and learned behaviors produce disorders.

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Humanistic-Existential Model

Perspective emphasizing distorted self-views and failure to find meaning.

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Socio-Cultural Model

View that societal and family pressures contribute to disorders.

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Developmental Psychopathology Model

Framework studying how early risk factors and resilience shape later disorders.

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Equifinality

Different beginnings can lead to the same psychological outcome.

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Multifinality

Same starting point can lead to multiple possible outcomes.

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Resilience

Capacity to recover from or avoid serious effects of adversity.

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Depression

Low, sad state marked by feelings of helplessness and loss of interest.

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Major Depressive Disorder

Severe disabling depression not due to drugs or medical condition.

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Dysthymic Disorder (Persistent Depressive Disorder)

Chronic, less severe form of depression.

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Mania

Period of euphoria, overactivity, and inflated self-esteem.

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Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorder with alternating episodes of mania and depression.

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Learned Helplessness

Belief that one has no control over negative events, leading to passivity.

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Cognitive Triad

Beck’s concept of negative views of self, world, and future fueling depression.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Persistent, excessive worry about various topics for at least six months.

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Social Anxiety Disorder

Severe fear of social or performance situations where embarrassment may occur.

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Phobia

Persistent, unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation.

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Panic Attack

Sudden episode of intense fear with physical symptoms.

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Panic Disorder

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks and worry about having more.

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Obsession

Intrusive, unwanted thought or image that causes anxiety.

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Compulsion

Repetitive behavior or mental act performed to reduce anxiety.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Disorder featuring distressing obsessions and/or compulsions.

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Acute Stress Disorder

Short-term stress reaction within a month of trauma.

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Schizophrenia

Psychotic disorder with disorganized thoughts, hallucinations, and impaired reality testing.

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Positive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Pathological excesses such as delusions and hallucinations.

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Negative Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Deficits like flat affect, alogia, and social withdrawal.

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Cognitive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Impairments in memory, attention, and executive function.

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Catatonia

Extreme psychomotor disturbance including rigidity or stupor.

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Delusion

Firmly held false belief despite contrary evidence.

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Hallucination

False sensory perception experienced as real.

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Loose Associations

Disorganized speech with rapid topic shifts.

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Diathesis-Stress Model

Theory that disorders emerge from biological vulnerability plus stress.

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Somatic Symptom Disorder

Excessive thoughts and behaviors about physical symptoms causing distress.

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Illness Anxiety Disorder

Preoccupation with having a serious illness despite minimal symptoms.

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Conversion Disorder

Neurological-like symptoms (e.g., paralysis) without medical cause.

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Factitious Disorder

Deliberate production of symptoms to assume patient role.

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Dissociative Disorder

Disruption in identity or memory with no physical cause.

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Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall important personal information, usually traumatic.

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Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

Persistent feelings of detachment from self or surroundings.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

Presence of two or more distinct personality states.

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Personality Disorder

Enduring, inflexible pattern causing distress or impairment.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

Impulsive, reckless pattern violating others’ rights.

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Borderline Personality Disorder

Instability in mood, self-image, and relationships with volatility.

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Psychotherapy

Treatment in which therapist and client use verbal/behavioral techniques to overcome problems.