Nutrition Exam 1 Flashcards

What is nutrition the study of?

What an animal needs to eat, what an animal is fed, and what an animal does with its feed

What are some factors that effect nutrition?

Stress, environment, age, individual variation, sex, breed, species, health, pecking order, food availability, photoperiod, water intake, food quality, activity, genetics, geographical locatoin, temperament, allergies, supplements, physiological statsu

What are the three components of physical degradation?

Mastication, maceration, motility

What are the two components of chemiscal degradation?

Endogenous enzymatic digestion, microbial enzymatic fermentation

What is metabolism?

The sum of physical and chemical processes by which a living substance is produced and maintained and the transformation by which energy is made available for the use of the organism

What is anabolism?

The building up of a chemical compound, by the union of its elements or form other suitable starting materials

What is catabolism?

Any destructive metabolic processes by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds

What are the six categories of nutrients?

Water, carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins, minerals

What supplies energy?

The metabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins

What is the difference between food and feed?

Food is for humans, feed is for animals

What is food/feed?

Any edible material that provides nutrients

What is feedstuff/foodstuff?

MAterials that can be made into / used as food/feed

What is a diet?

A mixture of feedstuff that supplies nutrient over a period of time and MUST be balanced

What is a ration?

A daily supply of feed

What is a ration for humans/non-production animals?

Daily supply of feed that is usually not equal to diet and does not need to be balanced if the diet is

What is a ration for production and lab animals?

Daily supply of feed that is equal to diet and must be balanced

What are the major nutrients contained in plants?

Water, protein, carbohydrates (fiber), and ash (Ca and P)

What may cause variation in plant composition?

Species, age/stage of growth, part of the plant

What is the relative plant nutrient composition?

High in water, moderate to low in protein, moderate to high in fiber, low fat, moderate ash, moderate to low in vitamins

What is the relative seed nutrient composition?

Moderate to high protein, moderate to low in fiber, moderate fat, low ash, moderate to high vitamins

With age, how does the nutrient composition of an animal change?

Decreased water, decreased protein, increased fat

What is the job of an animal nutritionist?

To formulate diets for pets, livestock, zoo animals, and exotic pets or fish and has specialized training on how to make the best diet for either a specific species or a group of animals

What two qualities of plants make them useful feeds?

Photosynthesis and amino acid synthesis

What types of plants are better at fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere?

Legumes and blue/green alge mixes

Leaves are high in _____ and ______

Non-structural carbohydrates and protein

Stems are high in structural fiber, also called ________

Fiber

What are the three common structural carbs?

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

What are lignin levels important?

Animals are not able to extract any nutrients from lignin and it decreases digestibility

Stems can be ______ or ______ (ie. bark)

Herbaceous or woody

Stems contain vascular tissue of the plant for...

Transport of water, nitrogen, and other nutrients

What part of the plant encloses the seeds?

Fruit

What is the endosperm?

A dense source of nutrients that the seed would consume when it initially sprouts

What are the functions of roots?

Anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals from the soil and store food

What are the two types of roots?

Fibrous and taproots

What are fibrous roots?

Short, small roots that extend over a large area such as with grass

What are taproots?

Large, long roots that extend far gown into the soil as with carrots

What are examples of grasses?

Corn, wheat, and timothy grass

Grasses have herbacous stems that are ______ in lignin and ________ in digestibility and prtein early in the growing season

Low, high

Grasses are ______ in dry matter early in the season

Low

As lignin increases, digestibility...

Decreases

Why are grasses good at holding topsoil?

They have a fibrous root system

What are examples of legumes?

Alfalfa, soybean, peanuts

Early in the season, legumes are _______ in lignin and DM and ________ in digestibility and protein

Low, high

The seeds of legumes are carried in pods so...

There is no endosperm

What type of root system do legumes have?

Taproot

What accounts for legumes high protein content?

A mutualistic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria

What are the two categories of plant feeds?

Concentrates and roughages/forages

What is the key difference between concentrates and roughages?

Fiber content (forages have >18%)

Concentrates have ______ density, which roughages have _______ density

High, low

Do concentrates of roughages make up a larger portion of most animals' diets?

Roughages

What are the 4 subcategories of roughages?

Forages, grains, roots and tubers, and by products

Grains are componsed of

The seeds of cereals and oilseed plants

The seeds of cereals are rich in ________ from the endosperm

Starch

The seeds of oilseed plants are rich in ________ and _______

Protein and lipids

What are by-produts?

The parts of the plant that remain after some other component of the plant was harvested for something else

What two factors comprise a feed's nurtritive value?

What nutrients are in the feed and how available those nutrients are to the animal

What factors effect nutritive value?

Nutrient density, digestibility, plant maturity, plant characteristics

Why is it important to use 100% DM when comparing nutrient densities?

Water causes the nutrient density to be diluted

What is digestibility?

The ability of an animal to digest and absorb the nutrients that are present in a feedstuff

Digestibility of first cuttings are _______ than the digestibility of second and subsequent cuttings

Higher

What two factors must be known to measure the digestibility of a given nutrient within a given feed?

How much of the nutrient is being taken in from the diet and how much is being lost form the body in feces, and everything that does not leave the body in the fececs was digested

What is the formula for apparent digestibility?

((Dietary intake - feces output) / dietary intake) x 100

Why is the term "apparent digestibility" used?

Not everything that leaves the body in the feces came directly from the diet

Why does the leaf:stem ratio have a significant effect on nutrtive value?

Leaves tend to be high in nonstructural carbs, which stems tend to be high in structural carbs, so as the ratio increases, nutritive value increases

Humans can also impact the nutritive value of a plant by...

Altering its physical form or particle size

Processing can _________ that are found in some plants, enabling them to be fed to animals

Detoxify poisons

How does isolating specific parts during processing effect nutritive value?

It maintains it because it eliminates plant parts of lesser value

What impact does chopping and grinding have on digestibility and voluntary feed intake?

Decrease digestibility, increase voluntary feed intake

In what case is chopping and grinding a good option for feed processing?

It helps the animal consume enough of poor quality forage that does not provide sufficient nutrients

What is chopping and grinding?

Forages are chopping to a particle size of about 2" or ground to a particle size of <1"

Who might pelleting be helpful for?

Sheep, poultry, and rabbits

What does pelleting guarantee?

Mixed forage

In ruminants, heat treatment decreases _____________________, leading to increased delivery of amino acids to the lower gut

The solubility and rumen degradability of protein

Why may happen as a result of over-heating?

Decrese protein quality and degradation of fat-soluble vitamins and some B complex vitamins

True or false: A small particle is ideal for optimal digestion

False

What makes larger particles not ideal for digestion?

The larger particles have a larger surface area because the digestive enzymes can only interact with the outside surface before the particle passes

What is the DM content of a fresh hay crop?

About 20%

What is the general DM content of hay?

80-90%

When does the drying process for plants begin?

As soon as the plant is cut

What will happen if hay is not sufficiently dried?

It will mold, which produce heat, and with enough heat, can cause the hay to catch on fire and cause the loss of the feed and barn

How long will it take to dry hay in the hot sun?

2-3 days

What can be done to the stems of plants to expedite the drying time?

Crushing the stems

Why is overdrying a problem?

When it becomes too brittle, the leaves will fall off, losing nutritive value

What is the general range of square hay bale weight?

40 to 50 kgs

What is the typical weight on large round hay bales?

600kgs

How does the shape of the bale contribute to the hay shelf life?

The shape helps the bale to shed water, protecting the majority of the forage inside

How may cattle consume corn?

Corn grain whole, ground, steamed, and rolled, as fed ears of corn including the cog

How may poultry and swine consume corn?

Corn chelled and ground

What are two ways that corn can undergo milling processes?

Dry and wet

What is produced when corn is dry milled?

Corn meal and hominy

What is contained in corn meal?

Gluten and endosperm but NOT the germ

What is contained in corn hominy?

The germ, bran, and some starch

What happens in the wet corn milling process?

Corn is mixed with sulfuric acid, which dissolves the endosperm and produces corn starch

What is the name of the product when gluten and bran are combined and how much protein does it contain?

Corn gluten feed, about 25% protein

How large is forage typically chopped to for silage production?

1/4" to 3/8"

What is involved in the production of silage?

Chopping green forage and storing it within silos where it ferments anaerobically

What are the most common types of silos?

Bunker and vertical gas-tight

What are bunker silos?

Three sides of concrete that forage is pushed into, then covered with a tarp

What are vertical gas-tight silos?

Tall silos typically seen on farms, forage is added at the top then sealed

What are some items that silage can be made of?

Grass hay (haylage), alfalfa, grain, or corn