AP Euro unit 4 test

Calvin background and bio 

Born the son of a French middle class bureaucrat in 1509, received a humanist inspired training in law 

Around 153d age 29 Calvin experienced a dramatic conversion and dedicated the rest of his life to Christian reform

Around this time he broke with the Catholic Church and was forced to flee Catholic France for Switzerland 

Geneva

Calvin’s theological writings made him somewhat famous and was invited to stay in

Divine Sovereignty 

God alone is responsible for justification, and human actions have little effect on His decision 

Predestination 

Human souls destined for salvation or damnation before they’re even born; God knows all that will happen and makes His decisions based on that knowledge 

The Elect 

Souls that are predestined for salvation are known as the elect; membership in the elect is made known to people through their capacity for good works 

Calvin’s views on the Sacraments

Like Luther, Calvin rejected all but two Sacraments baptism and Eucharist

Calvin’s views on the Eucharist

Calvin rejected Luther’s idea of consubstantiation and believed bread and wine are symbols of Body/Blood

Primitive church

Prebysters

Pastors share authority over local churches with elected councils of elders

Consistory

Council of laypeople

Calvinist laws in Geneva

Rewritten to reflect Calvinist view of morality: bans on adultery, cursing, gambling, the use of religious art, dancing, and other Catholic “superstitions”

Iconoclasm 

Idol worship

Outlawing, and sometimes destruction of religious art

Calvinist groups outside Switzerland

France: Huguenots England: Puritans Scotland: Presbyterians

Growth of French Calvinism 

At the start of the 16th century, France was a very Catholic country with

a very pro-Catholic monarchy But by the 1560s, nearly 20% of the population had become Protestant,

mainly Calvinist Especially among the nobility and wealthy, urban middle classes –

perhaps 50%

French nobles’ interest in Calvinism

Nobility saw Calvinism as a way to push back against the powerful

French monarch (New Monarchy)

Charles IX and Catherine de Medici

Charles IX becomes king at age 11 France basically ruled by the queen regent, his mother - Catherine de’ Medici

Vassy / Michelade / St. Bartholomew’s Day

Massacre of Vassy (1562) – murder of Huguenot citizens in Vassy Michelade (1567) – massacre of Catholic priests by Calvinists in Nîmes St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1571)

 Wedding held in Paris, attended by many of the most prominent Calvinist nobles

 planned assassinations of Calvinist nobles  general violence against Huguenots

 2,000 killed in Paris, 10,000 total in other towns and the countryside

French Wars of Religion (five) - focus on big patterns

fought over the issue of Calvinism and Catholicism in France

Went back and forth 

War of the Three Henrys

Three Henrys claimed the throne of France: one Catholic, one Calvinist, one compromiser

 Two of the claimants, including the actual king, are assassinated in the conflict

 War ends when Henry of Navarre, the Calvinist leader, is crowned King Henry IV

Henry of Navarre / King Henry IV

born Catholic, raised Calvinist, fought on the Catholic side

and then Calvinist side Agreed to convert back to Catholicism in order to take the throne as Henry IV

Edict of Nantes

Passed by Henry IV to end the wars and bring religious peace to France  France remains officially Catholic, but Calvinists guaranteed freedom of worship  Officially instated religious pluralism and religious toleration in France

Religious pluralism / religious toleration

Allowed to have multiple religions and tolerated other religions 

Council of Trent

affirm doctrine / reform practice

Goals of the Council

Stay strong on their beliefs of church teachings Ang change church practices a little

Roman Inquisition

Investigation to see if the people made a good conversion or are they still practicing Protestantism 

Index of Prohibited Books

List of books that the Catholic Church made that you are not allowed to read 

Reforms of Church practice

Establishing better and more numerous seminaries for educating priests

• Enforcing priestly celibacy and good behavior

• Encouraging bishops and parish priests to be more active in their dioceses

Society of Jesus 

Jesuits foot soldiers of the Catholic church focused on better education 

Missionary work 

Roman inquisition

St. Teresa / Carmelites

Women group focused on having a deep personal relationship with God

Baroque art, music, and architecture

emphasized expressiveness, emotionalism, realism • The goal was to have average people see themselves in the lives of Jesus, the Saints,

Biblical figures, and other Catholic heroes

Primitive church 

Church of the ancient world right after Jesus, time of the apostles 

Calvinist used it to say to go back to our roots with no art