Industrial Revolution

What began the Mineral Revolution in South Africa?

Discovery of diamonds in Kimberley in 1867

When was gold discovered on the Witwatersrand?

1886

What made Britain a more determined colonising power?

The Industrial Revolution

What did the new diamond wealth in South Africa lead to?

British control over the whole of South Africa

What was the primary livelihood in England before the Industrial Revolution?

Farming

What percentage of the population in England made a living off the land?

At least 75%

What industry developed to utilize farmers' free time?

The cottage industry

What powered most machinery before the Industrial Revolution?

Animals, wind, water, or human labour

What was the state of manufacturing before the Industrial Revolution?

Done in homes using hand tools or basic machines

By what year was the European economy dominated by large factories?

1914

Who was the first Englishman to trade in Africans?

Sir John Hawkins

When did the British slave trade become a major business?

In the 17th century

What was established in 1618 to trade with Africa?

The first monopoly company by King James I

What crops increased the demand for slaves?

Tobacco, rice, sugar, and others

What did the slave trade provide British industries?

Raw materials for manufactured goods

What goods were bought from the profits of selling African slaves?

Rum, tobacco, coffee, sugar, molasses, cotton

Who profited from the use of free slave labour?

Plantation owners

Who were among the richest people in 18th century Britain?

Landed gentry (owning vast estates) and merchants

What did British profits come from regarding the slave trade?

Exporting manufactured goods to Africa and importing slave products

What role did slavery play in the modern world economy?

Provided labour power to settle and develop the New World

What did British cotton mills depend on?

Cheap slaved

What did the profits from the slave trade provide for the British economy?

An extra source of capital

What did the term cottage industry refer to?

People working from home like sewing, lace

Who worked in the cottage industry?

Spinners, weavers, and others in small villages

What was a key economic contribution of agriculture during the Industrial Revolution?

Agriculture made important contributions to economic growth.

What major shift occurred in society during the Industrial Revolution?

Societies quickly developed from agricultural to industrial.

What were introduced to improve farming during the Industrial Revolution?

New farming techniques and technical innovations.

What type of machinery was introduced to agriculture?

Steam-powered machinery

What was a result of improved livestock breeding?

Improved food production.

What was a key feature of the Industrial Revolution regarding population?

Population shift from rural agriculture to work in factories in cities.

What was mass production enabled by during the Industrial Revolution?

Use of machines.

What was a significant shift in energy sources during the Industrial Revolution?

Rise of steam power (steam trains, railways, steam

What was a common role of women before the Industrial Revolution?

Making and repairing clothing.

Where did many women work during the Industrial Revolution?

Textile mills and coal mines.

How were women treated in the workplace during the Industrial Revolution?

Paid much less than men and subjected to terrible conditions.

What was one of the defining features of the Industrial Revolution?

The rise of cities (urbanization).

What percentage of people lived in rural areas before the Industrial Revolution?

80%.

What negative effects did urbanization have on working class neighborhoods?

The rapid urbanization resulted in poor living conditions, inadequate sanitation, and the spread of diseases.

How did the quality of life change for many skilled workers during the Industrial Revolution?

It decreased.

What happened to traditional festivals in cities during the Industrial Revolution?

Local governments sought to ban them.

What entertainment options emerged in big cities after the 1850s?

Music halls, and sports like rugby, cricket, and professional football.

What significant change occurred in the 1850s regarding recreation?

Recreation improved with the rise of the emerging middle class.

What types of entertainment emerged in big cities during the 1850s?

Music halls, Sports like rugby and cricket

When did football become a professional sport?

Football became a professional sport in 1885.

What was the living condition for the poor during the first 60 years of the Industrial Revolution?

Living conditions were the worst for the poor.

What class structure existed before the emergence of the middle class?

Only two major classes: aristocrats and low

What types of jobs emerged due to new urban industries?

Business people, Shopkeepers, Bank clerks, Insurance agents, Merchants, Accountants, Managers, Doctors, Lawyers, Teachers

What role did middle class families serve during industrial life?

The middle class played an important role in social change and reform movements during the Industrial Revolution by advocating for better labor conditions and social justice.

What was the role of women in middle class families?

They would stay at home to look after the children and house

What discouraged most middle class women from working outside the home?

They could afford to send their children to school and didn’t have to work because their husbands would

What was the state of labor in factories, mines, and mills?

There was an oversupply of labor and child labor was important.

What wages did women and children receive compared to men?

Women earned half, and children earned a third of a man’s wages.

What were the working hours for many children?

People worked as long as sixteen hours a day.

What were the consequences of child labor?

Children suffered from poor health and accidents.

Who expressed concern about the bad living and working conditions?

Reformers and socialists.

What was the Luddite Movement?

A protest by textile workers against machines threatening their jobs.

What was the aim of Chartism?

To gain political and voting rights for working

What did trade unions campaign for?

Higher wages and better working conditions.

What did Karl Marx argue about capitalism?

He argued capitalism was unfair and expected workers to overthrow it.

What did the industrial revolution help create in terms of national movements?

Stronger nationalist movements.

What was the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union?

A trade union movement growing in the early 1830s.

In which industry did trade unions develop rapidly?

The factory based textile industry.

What was the role of co operative societies during the Industrial Revolution?

Protect labor rights and frame cohesive communities

In which industry did unions develop fast?

The factory

Who were prominent in the textile unions?

Women.

What was the aim of William Benbow and Robert Owen regarding trade unionism?

To protect workers' living standards and change the political and economic order.

What did Owen experiment with to bypass wage slavery?

Cooperative ventures and 'labour exchanges'.

What happened to the Tolpuddle Martyrs in 1834?

They were arrested and transported to Australia.

What were the Tolpuddle Martyrs accused of?

Administering illegal oaths.

What was the outcome of the campaign for the Tolpuddle Martyrs?

The government commuted their sentences.

What were the new unions fighting for?

Shorter hours, end of child labour

What did Owen propose in 1832?

That the unions should unite.

When was the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union formed?

In 1834.

How many members did the GNCTU have within a week?

Over half a million.

What environmental problem was caused by the Industrial Revolution?

Pollution from burning coal.

What was the average life expectancy like for factory workers?

Lower than average.

What type of labor did children face during the Industrial Revolution?

Long hours for very low pay, vulnerable to poor health and accidents.

What was a major issue caused by high worker concentration?

Poor sanitation and outbreaks of infectious diseases like cholera.

What industry depended on the slave trade during the Industrial Revolution?

Cotton industry.

What mineral discoveries changed Southern Africa's economy by 1860?

Diamonds and gold.

What did the diamond and gold mining industries in Southern Africa rely on?

Cheap labor.

What discriminatory practices were African migrant labor subjected to?

Laws to keep workers cheap and flexible.

When were Indians brought to Natal as indentured laborers?

In 1860.

What promise was made to Indians in Natal that was not honored?

Grants of land.

What occupations did many Indians take up in Natal?

Small holders, market gardeners, fishermen, domestic servants, waiters, coal miners.

Where were 'free Indians' exploring opportunities by the 1870s?

Cape Colony, Orange Free State, South African Republic (Transvaal).

What restrictions did Indians face in the diamond and gold fields?

They were not allowed digging rights.

What was the traditional view of agricultural work among the Zulu males?

It was regarded as a female activity.

What did the high labor turnover in Natal lead to?

The colonial authorities sought Indian labor.

What were the traditional activities of Zulu males?

Grazing cattle, Defending the tribe against foreign attack

Why did colonial authorities seek Indian labour?

High labour turnover in Zulu Kingdom

When did the British presence in India begin?

Early seventeenth century

What company began trading in India?

British East India Company

What happened after the Sepoy Rebellion?

Parliament ended East India Company's rule, placing India under British crown control

When did the Suez Canal open?

November 17, 1869

Who was appointed British high commissioner to South Africa in 1879?

Sir Bartle Frere

What was the Policy of Confederation?

To bring British colonies, Boer republics, and independent African groups under common control

What was the Zulu kingdom's status under Cetshwayo?

Revived military power, seen as a threat to British control

What ultimatum was given to the Zulu on December 11, 1878?

To disarm and for Cetshwayo to forsake sovereignty

What were some medicinal uses of sugar?

Establishing social ties, Dietary nourishment