osce meds

Flucloxacillin

• MOA: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins.

• Indication: Staphylococcal skin infections (skin, soft tissue)

• Adverse Effects: Nausea, diarrhea, allergic reactions (rash, anaphylaxis), hepatotoxicitya narrow-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used to treat infections caused by penicillinase-producing staphylococci.

Ceftriaxone

• Class: Third-generation cephalosporin

• MOA: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

• Indication: Bacterial infection of the lower Respiratory tract,meningitis, sepsis, gonorrhea, UTI

• Adverse Effects: Diarrhea, rash, allergic reactions, gallbladder sludge

Vancomycin

• Class: Glycopeptide antibiotic

• MOA: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to peptidoglycan precursors

• Indication: MRSA infections, C. difficile (oral), serious Gram-positive infections

• Adverse Effects: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, "Red man syndrome" with rapid infusion

 Cefazolin

• Class: First-generation cephalosporin

• MOA: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

• Indication: Surgical prophylaxis, skin infections, UTIs

• Adverse Effects: Rash, diarrhea, allergic reactionCefazolin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used for surgical prophylaxis, treatment of skin infections, and urinary tract infections. It works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis and commonly causes rash, diarrhea, and allergic reactions.

Metronidazole

• Class: Nitroimidazole antibiotic

• MOA: Disrupts DNA synthesis in anaerobic bacteria and protozoa

• Indication: Anaerobic infections, bacterial vaginosis, C. difficile, trichomoniasis

• Adverse Effects: Metallic taste, nausea, peripheral neuropathy, disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol

 Ondansetron

• Class: 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (antiemetic)

• MOA: Blocks serotonin receptors in the GI tract and CNS

• Indication: Nausea and vomiting (chemotherapy, post-op)

• Adverse Effects: Headache, constipation, QT prolongation, dizziness

Novorapid

• Class: Rapid-acting insulin

• MOA: Replaces endogenous insulin, facilitating glucose uptake into cells

• Indication: Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus

• Adverse Effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain, lipodystrophy

Lantus

• Class: Long-acting insulin

• MOA: Slow, steady release of insulin to regulate glucose

• Indication: Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus

• Adverse Effects: Hypoglycemia, injection site reactions

Morphine

• Class: Opioid analgesic

• MOA: Binds to mu-opioid receptors in CNS, altering pain perception

• Indication: Moderate to severe pain

• Adverse Effects: Respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, sedation, dependence

 Metoclopramide

• Class: Dopamine antagonist (prokinetic, antiemetic)

• MOA: Blocks dopamine receptors and enhances GI motility

• Indication: Nausea, gastroparesis, GERD

• Adverse Effects: Extrapyramidal symptoms, drowsiness, diarrhea

Olanzapine

• Class: Atypical antipsychotic

• MOA: Blocks dopamine (D2) and serotonin (5-HT2A) receptors in the brain

• Indication: Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder

• Adverse Effects: Weight gain, sedation, metabolic syndrome, extrapyramidal symptoms, increased risk of diabetes

Metoprolol

• Class: Beta-1 selective blocker (cardioselective beta-blocker)

• MOA: Inhibits beta-1 adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and contractility

• Indication: Hypertension, angina, heart failure, arrhythmias

• Adverse Effects: Bradycardia, fatigue, hypotension, dizziness, depression

Digoxin

• Class: Cardiac glycoside

• MOA: Inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium and improving myocardial contractility

• Indication: Heart failure, atrial fibrillation

• Adverse Effects: Nausea, bradycardia, visual disturbances (yellow/green halos), toxicity especially in renal impairment

Frusemide (Furosemide)

• Class: Loop diuretic

• MOA: Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle

• Indication: Edema, congestive heart failure, hypertension

• Adverse Effects: Hypokalemia, dehydration, hypotension, ototoxicity

Omeprazole

• Class: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

• MOA: Inhibits H⁺/K⁺-ATPase in gastric parietal cells, reducing acid secretion

• Indication: GERD, peptic ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

• Adverse Effects: Headache, abdominal pain, B12 deficiency, increased risk of C. difficile

 Pilocarpine

Class: Cholinergic agonist
MOA: Stimulates muscarinic receptors, increasing salivation and lacrimation
Indication: Xerostomia, glaucoma
Adverse Effects: Sweating, flushing, gastrointestinal distress

Framycetin Sulfate

• Class: Aminoglycoside antibiotic (topical)

• MOA: Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomal subunit

• Indication: Skin and ear infections

• Adverse Effects: Local irritation, ototoxicity if used with perforated tympanic membrane

Naphazoline Hydrochloride

• Class: Sympathomimetic decongestant (alpha-adrenergic agonist)

• MOA: Vasoconstriction of nasal or ocular blood vessels to reduce congestion

• Indication: Eye redness, nasal congestion

• Adverse Effects: Rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa), irritation, headache, systemic effects if overused

Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl IV Fluid)

• Class: Isotonic crystalloid solution

• MOA: Expands intravascular volume and maintains fluid/electrolyte balance

• Indication: Dehydration, fluid resuscitation, electrolyte replacement, flushing IV lines

• Adverse Effects: Fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance (hypernatremia if overused)