Botany Unit 2

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts for Kingdom Protista and Kingdom Fungi from Unit 2 General Botany.

Kingdom Protista

A biological kingdom consisting of eukaryotes that do not fit into other kingdoms.

Phycology

The scientific study of algae.

Red eyespot (stigma)

A light-detecting structure found in organism cells such as Chlamydomonas and euglenoids.

Isogamy

A form of sexual reproduction involving same-sized gametes.

Holdfast

A basal cell structure in algae such as Ulothrix and brown algae that serves as an organ of attachment.

Spirogyra

An unbranched, multicellular filamentous green algae (Watersilk) containing long, spiral, ribbon-shaped chloroplasts with pyrenoids.

Pyrenoid

A structure within chloroplasts that functions in starch formation and storage.

Oogamy

Sexual reproduction where one gamete is motile and the other is larger and stationary.

Antheridium

A male reproductive cell or structure in algae such as Oedogonium that produces sperm.

Oogonium

A female reproductive cell or structure in algae such as Oedogonium that produces an egg.

Acetabularia

A genus of marine green algae known as Mermaid's wineglass in which each individual consists of a huge single cell.

Frustule

The cell wall of a diatom, composed of up to $95\%$ silica.

Laminarin

A carbohydrate food reserve stored by diatoms and brown algae.

Algin

A carbohydrate in the cell walls of brown algae used as a suspension stabilizer in products such as beer, ice cream, and dressings.

Floridean starch

The carbohydrate food storage reserve in red algae (Phylum Rhodophyta).

Carrageenan gum

A thickening agent extracted from Irish moss (red algae) used in dairy products.

Agar

A gelatinous substance derived from red algae used for culturing bacteria.

Pellicle

A protective structure in euglenoids composed of interlocking, ribbon-like protein strips and a plasma membrane.

Paramylon

The carbohydrate food storage reserve in euglenoids.

Theca

The protective cellulose armor covering dinoflagellates.

Coccoliths

Calcium carbonate ($\text{CaCO}_3$) scales covering haptophytes (Phylum Prymnesiophyta).

Haptonema

A third flagellum-like structure with a sticky tip found in haptophytes used to capture food.

Capillitium

A tangled mass of threads within sporangia of plasmodial slime molds in which spores are held.

Pseudoplasmodium

A slug-like aggregate of individual myxamoebae formed during the lifecycle of cellular slime molds.

Mycology

The scientific study of fungi.

Hyphae

Tubular threads that make up the body of a fungus.

Mycelium

A mass or network of interconnected hyphae forming the body of a fungus.

Rhizomorphs

Root-like mycelial cords that transport water to fungal bodies.

Chitin

A tough carbohydrate component present in fungal cell walls.

Endophytes

Fungi living inside plant tissues that deter predators while obtaining food from the plant.

Mycorrhizae

A mutualistic symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots, present in over $90\%$ of land plants.

Ectomycorrhizae

Mycorrhizal fungi that surround and penetrate plant roots between cells without entering individual cells.

Endomycorrhizae

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that deeply penetrate inside plant root cells.

Mycoheterotrophy

A relationship in which a fungus connects a photosynthesizing plant to a non-photosynthesizing plant.

Chytridiomycosis

A fungal disease in amphibians caused by chytrids that has caused severe population declines and extinctions.

Ascus

A finger-like microscopic sac in sac fungi (Phylum Ascomycota) in which sexual ascospores develop.

Hymenium

A spore-bearing layer of asci within the fruiting bodies of sac fungi.

Pileus

The cap portion of a mushroom fruiting body in club fungi (Phylum Basidiomycota).

Stipe

The stalk portion of a mushroom fruiting body.

Annulus

The ring structure found on the stipe of a mushroom.

Basidia

Microscopic, club-shaped structures lining mushroom gills where nuclear fusion and meiosis produce basidiospores.

Phylum Deuteromycota

An artificial catch-all taxonomic group for imperfect fungi in which sexual reproduction has not been observed.

Crustose lichen

A lichen growth form that is flat and tightly attached to its substrate.

Foliose lichen

A lichen growth form that is flat and leaf-like.

Fruticose lichen

A lichen growth form that grows upright or hangs down.