Module 8 Vocabulary and Little bit of Module 7

"STUDY"

Energy

The Ability to do work

Thermodynamics

The study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe

Metabolism

Chemical reactions in a cell

Photosynthesis

The anabolic pathway in which light energy is converted to stored chemical energy by converting carbon dioxide plus water into sugars plus released oxygen

Cellular Respiration

A catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy

Adenosine Triphosphate

Most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy

Thylakoids

Flattened, saclike membranes that are arranged in stacks

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids

Stroma

Second important compartment within the chloroplast

Pigments

Light-absorbing colored molecules- found in the thylakoid membranes

NADP+

Electron carrier

Calvin Cycle

Energy stored in organic molecules such as Glucose

Rubisco

An enzyme, converts the remaining ten G3P molecules into 5-Carbon molecules called ribosome 1, 5-bisphosphonates

Anaerobic Processes

Do not require Oxygen

Aerobic Respiration

Includes the Krebs cycle and electron transport and is an aerobic process

Aerobic Processes

Require Oxygen

Glycolysis

Glucose broken down in the cytoplasm

Krebs Cycle

Series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into Carbon Dioxide-(Tricarboxylic acid cycle)

Fermentation

Occurs in the cytoplasm and regenerates the cell supply of NAD+ while producing a small amount of ATP

Phospholipid Bilayer

Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing inside

Transport Protein

Protein that moves substances or wastes through the plasma membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model

Plasma membrane with components constantly in motion, sliding past one another within the Lipid bilayer

Selective Permeability 

Property of the plasma membrane that allows it to control movement of substances into or out of the cell

Cell

Unit of structure and organization of all living organisms

Prokaryotic cell

Microscopic, unicellular organism without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles