MICROBIO: TEST 1 (DR. HAROLD K. NJEMANZE)

MICROBIOLOGY

- the study of living organisms of miscroscopic size.

- organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

WHAT IS "THE STUDY OF MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS USING MICROSCOPE" ?

microscopy

Microorganism are _____________-______________. They are living things that cannot be seen with the ___________ or ____________ eye.

Microorganisms are ultra-small. They are living things that cannot be seen with the naked or unaided eye.

WHAT DOES MICROORGANISM INCLUDE:

- bacteria

- algae

- viruses

- fungi

- helminthes (parastic worms)

- protozoa

MICROBIO IS USED IN "WHAT" AREAS ?

1. immunology

2. epidemiology

3. bacteriology

4. parasitology

5. mycology

6. virology

7. recombinant DNA technology

MORTALITY / MORTALITY RATE

- the num. of deaths in a given time or place

- the number of deaths in a population

____________ is the num. of people who have an illness in a particular population. The frequency and proportion of an illness in a population, ______________ rate.

- MORBIDITY

- MORBIDITY RATE

T/F:

1. 12 BILLION NEW INFECTIONS/YEAR WORLDWIDE (WHO).

2. 24 MILLION DEATHS FROM INFECTIONS/YEAR WORLDWIDE.

1. 10 BILLION

2. 12 MILLION

CLASSIFICATION

- two kingdom classification

- it was proposed by CARLOS LINNAEUS

- it was impartical

Name the two kingdoms and what they mean ?

1. prokaryotes (no nucleus)

2. eukaryotes (nucleus)

Prokaryotes are made up of:

- archaebacteria (now called archae)

- eubacteria (now called bacteria)

State Characteristics of Prokaryotes

1. microscopic

2. smaller cells

3. lack nuceli

4. lack membrane-bound organelles

5. simple structure

6. have cell walls

7. unicellular organisms

Eukaryote are made up of:

- fungi

- animalla

- protista

- plantae

State the Characteristics of Eukaryote

1. unicellular (microscopic)

2. larger cells

3. contain a nucleus

4. have membrane-bound organelles

5. complex structure

6. some have cell walls (plants)

7. some are multicellular

3-Domain Classification Proposed by WOESE FOX

BAE

1. bacteria

2. archae

3. eukarya

5-Kingdom Concept Proposed by ROBERT WHITTAKER

FAPPP

1. fungi--> eukaryotic, such as mold and yeast

2. animalla--> eukaryotic, such as animals

3. prokaryotes--> bacteria

4. protista--> eukaryotic, uncellular, such as

algae&protozoa

5. plantae--> eukaryotic, such as plants

Who demonstrated the presence of heat resistance forms of some microbes ?

John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn

Cohn determined these forms to be _____________.

endospores

ENDOSPORES

heat resistant forms of bacteria

What can be destroyed by heat and chemicals ?

VEGETATIVE PATHOGENS

STERILIZATION

The process of destroying all microbes

SPORES are the ___________ and ____________ of spores varies in different spp. and thus useful in their ________cation .

- shape

- position

- indetification

Give a few examples of SPORES

1. centeral or equational

2. subterminal

3. oval and terminal

4. spherical and terminal

TAXONOMY

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Taxonomy includes

INC

indentification, nomenclature, and classifcation

What are the levels of classification?

1. Domain

2. Kingdom

3. Phylum

4. Class

5. Order

6. Family

7. Genus

8. Species

Domain ----> E_________

Kingdom---> A_________

Phylum ----> C_________

Class -----> M_________

Order -----> P__________

Family -----> H_________

Genus -----> H_________

Species ----> S__________

Domain ----> eukarya

Kingdom---> animaila

Phylum ----> chordata

Class -----> mammalia

Order -----> primates

Family -----> hominoidea

Genus -----> homo

Species ----> sapiens

system of binomial nomenclature

system that has two characteristics: a two-part name for every organism and a hierarchical classification of species into broader groups of organisms

m_____________ is the use of microscope to study ____________.

- microscopy

- microbes

microorganisms are measured in very small _________, such as _________meters or ___________ and nanometers.

- units

- micrometers

- microns

Micrometer is usually used for.........

microorganisms, especially bacteria

Nanometer is usually used for.........

viruses, since they are ultramicroscopic

WHAT ARE THE 2 CONCEPTS OF MICROSCOPY ???

1. magnification

2. resolution

define magnification and resolution

magnification: how many times something is magnified.

resolution: ability of the lenses to distinguish 2 objects.

TOTAL MAGNIFICATION is the _______________ power of the objective lens multiplied by the magnification power of the ______________ (eyepiece) lens.

o magnification

o ocular

There are 4 objective lens system, WHAT ARE THEY ???

1. scanning power (4x)

2. low power (10x)

3. high power (high-dry (40x))

4. oil immersion (100x)

SMEAR

a thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide

What are the six I's of culturing microbes?

1. inoculation

2. incubation

3. isolation

4. inspection

5. info. gathering

6. identification

MEDIA

media provides nutrient to the MICROBES

Media can be classified according to three properties:

> physical state (liquid, semisolid, and solid)

>chemical composition (synthetic and nonsynthetic)

> functional type (general purpose, enriched, elective, differential, anaerobic, transport, assay, and enumeration)

what are the three main types of CULTURE ???

1. pure

2. mixed

3. contaminated